Over-Analyzing The Crown: S4E3 Fairytale

Top: Charles and Diana in The Crown at their wedding rehearsal Bottom: Real life Diana and Charles

Top: Charles and Diana in The Crown at their wedding rehearsal
Bottom: Real life Diana and Charles

Emma Corrin as Diana in The Crown, wearing a recreation of Diana’s wedding dress. The recreation of the dress took four weeks and 600 hours to create. The costume is made of 95 meters of fabric and 100 meters of lace, with a 30 meter train. Although…

Emma Corrin as Diana in The Crown, wearing a recreation of Diana’s wedding dress. The recreation of the dress took four weeks and 600 hours to create. The costume is made of 95 meters of fabric and 100 meters of lace, with a 30 meter train. Although they used different fabric to reduce creasing, the lace of the original wedding dress was recreated exactly. It’s pretty sad that we only saw it on screen for like, maybe a minute, because they did a brilliant job recreating it.

Since I had great fun over-analyzing every episode of Season 3 of The Crown last year, I’m doing the same thing this year! I’ll be /trying/ to write these posts up one episode at a time (although I may watch ahead a bit of my writing), so there won’t be spoilers for any main plot points of any episode except that which I’m covering in the post, although I may point out a little foreshadowing to later strife and such. So if you haven’t watched Season 4 Episode 3 of the Crown yet and don’t want to be spoiled, please stop reading now. :)

Content Warning: Eating Disorders. (I’ll include specific CWs on those portions of the post as well.

Upper left: Charles proposes to Diana on The Crown. Other three photos, Princess Diana in real life.

Upper left: Charles proposes to Diana on The Crown. Other three photos, Princess Diana in real life.

  • Content Warning: Eating Disorders [italicized]
    This episode starts with a content warning about the scenes featuring bulimia nervosa. I’m glad they included this, as these trigger warnings are often very helpful for people in recovery trying to avoid relapse, however, there‘s unfortunately pretty good evidence that it doesn’t help as much as we might hope, particularly for people who are currently battling an eating disorder. This article talks about the issues with trigger warnings for eating disorders in-depth.
    Content Warning end.

  • Quick source note: I’ve been referencing Diana’s biography “Diana: Her True Story in her own words” by Andrew Morton a lot. This book is really the closest thing we have to a Diana autobiography, as she authorized it and gave hours of taped interviews for it. We really have to keep in mind though, that Diana’s interviews for it were conducted in the early 1990s, years after most of the events discussed had taken place, and was looking back at everything with the hindsight of knowing that her marriage hasn’t worked out very well. She also very much had an agenda with the book, as she wanted to get her side of the story out into the world so that if she began the process of separating from Charles, she wouldn’t look like the villain. In the original tapes, she never mentioned her own affairs or many of her own faults in the marriage. Although the author did do a lot of outside interviews and research and filled in the gaps around that, the book must ultimately be viewed through a lens of caution to this bias. After I finish that book, I do plan to go read the authorized Prince Charles biography by Jonathan Dimbleby, which was put together under similar circumstances and with similar motives, and come back and fill his viewpoint in a lot of these blogposts.

  • The episode starts with a montage of Diana leaving Windsor Castle and all the women in the royal family sitting by their phones, waiting for the news of Charles’s proposal to Diana.

    • We see: The Queen looking at a box of mementos, Princess Margaret getting her nails painted, Queen mother sitting on a couch, and Princess Anne wearing a colorful sweater and sitting on a couch between two large dogs. Their respective phones are all placed very prominently as we see each royal.

    • A mouse runs across the front of the scene featuring the Queen Mother and has become VERY NOTORIOUS ONLINE. The Crown’s official Twitter account even acknowledged it by tweeting “Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series?” in response to someone’s screenshot pointing it out. There’s really no way to know whether the mouse’s cameo was intentional or not, as no one has spoken out about it, but I think it could be either. The relative neglect and decay of the palace has been mentioned before in Season 1 and 2, and it will come up again in a few episodes, when a visitor tells the Queen that the palace has a lot of peeling wall paint and such, so it really might have been a quite indication of that.
      The exact location of the mouse is hard to pinpoint, as it’s not clear where each of the family members are at in this scene, though. Generally during their lives, the Queen Mother lived at Clarence House and Princess Margaret lived at Kensington Palace. Princess Anne lives at her own house in the Gloucestershire, which is further demonstrated in Episode 4. Throughout the year, the Queen lives mainly at Buckingham Palace, is usually at Windsor Castle from March-April and on the weekends, celebrated Christmas/New Year at Windsor for much of her life but now is usually at Sandringham for the winter holidays, and spends her summer holiday at Balmoral. This episode starts in 1981 at Windsor Castle; although there isn’t a month specified, in real life, they got engaged in February. So presumably the Queen was at Buckingham Palace when she got this call.

    • As Diana drives away, Charles places a toy soldier in his hand by his phone. This seems like a reference to Lord Mountbatten. I feel like toy soldiers have appeared in The Crown before in Seasons 1-2 and I’m just not remembering the exact context. I’ll do a re-watch here soon and try to pinpoint the exact spot. I think there also was a brief moment with a toy soldier in Episode 1 of this season.

  • “It’s done. I did it.” - Charles to the Queen. What a romantic way of telling his mother he proposed. He did indeed propose to Diana in the nursery at Windsor Castle. He makes something of a big deal about not getting down on one knee to propose, as “i thought in terms of rank the prince of wales only knelt before the sovereign” (“it's a proposal of marriage dear, not a show of strength"), but in real life, he apparently did get down on one knee. She herself said that she nervously laughed at the request, thinking it was a joke at first, but said “yes.”

    • In the flash back to the proposal itself, Diana wears a red floral dress, and a bright blue cardigan with red, yellow, and blue detailing. Diana wore several red floral dresses in real life with distinctive collars like that. I couldn’t find any cardigan pictures quite like that, but Diana was very well known for wearing bright, often delightfully ridiculous sweaters, like a big koala sweater while she was pregnant.

    • In the biography “Diana: her true story in her own words,” based off of taped interviews with Diana, Diana said that she often said “yes, please” to Charles during their brief courtship, so her saying "yes please" in the show rings pretty true.

    • The entire phone conversation between the Queen, Queen Mother, Princess Margaret, and Princess Anne, makes it clear how relieved they are that he finally proposed but how generally appalled they are by how not romantic it was (“the nursery?”) and Charles’s tone deaf approach to the whole down on one knee question.

    • “Prostitutes and Australians. Isn’t that who lives in Earl’s Court?” Margaret is a delight. Also, apparently there was a pretty large population of Australians, New Zealanders, and South Africans living in Earl’s Court at the time. It began to be known as “Kangaroo Valley.” It also was known for having a thriving gay nightlife in the 1970s and 1980s; unfortunately, some of those clubs were known for prostitution, as Margaret astutely notes. The fact that Diana so happily lived in this area of London illustrates an early openness and love of all people. She would later become close friends with numerous gay celebrities, including Elton John and Freddie Mercury (who supposedly took her clubbing dressed in drag to keep her anonymous) and was famous for showing great compassion to AIDS victims and actually hugging them, in a time when people were often terrified of touching anyone with HIV.

  • Diana, on her drive back to her flat in London, listens to upside down by Diana Ross, which is all about love messing with your head.

    • I said upside down
      You're turning me
      You're giving love instinctively
      Around and round you're turning me

      Upside down
      Boy, you turn me
      Inside out
      And round and round

  • Diana immediately swarmed by reporters and photographers outside her flat as she leaves her car, many more than last episode. She just ignores all their questions. This is both accurate to real life and also sad foreshadowing to her own end. Diana was eventually given a few security officers to protect her, but not until after the engagement announcement and her move into the royal family’s homes. There were considerable complications before that as the press followed her and hounded her everywhere. She was so desperate to escape them that she would play tricks by switching cars with one of her flatmates, or her grandmother, and at least once she climbed out the window.

Top and bottom left photos: Diana on The Crown celebrating her engagement with her friends. Bottom right: Princess Diana.

Top and bottom left photos: Diana on The Crown celebrating her engagement with her friends. Bottom right: Princess Diana (Credit: Tim Graham / Getty).

The entry hall to the Jungle Bar and Nightclub in London, which I’m 99% sure served as the location for the clubbing scene in S4e3. This club is the reimagined, one building over set up of Annabel’s club, where Diana held her hen do in real life.

The entry hall to the Jungle Bar and Nightclub in London, which I’m 99% sure served as the location for the clubbing scene in S4e3. This club is the reimagined, one building over set up of Annabel’s club, where Diana held her hen do in real life.

  • Diana celebrates her engagement with her flatmates by dressing up, driving around town, and going dancing at a fabulous looking club that I’m nearly positive is The Jungle Bar and Nightclub in London. This club is actually a redesign of Annabel’s, an exclusive nightclub where Diana had her “hen do” (bachelorette party, for Americans), and is one building over from the original location.

    • Her biography by Andrew Norton said that Diana drove around town but didn’t talk about dancing. You can’t see her dress very well in the club scene but it’s sleeveless, with lots of ruffles, mid-calf length, and appears to be covered in light pastel flowers, mid-calf length. It looks very much like a ballgown she wore in later life.

    • This entire scene is set to the chorus of Stevie Nicks’ “Edge of Seventeen,” which actually came out on her album in July 1981 and as a single in 1982, so later than this scene is set place, but decently contemporary to the events. This is a really symbolic song inspired heavily by the death of Nicks’ uncle Jonathan and the death of John Lennon, which sounds really exciting and energetic and fun, but deals almost entirely with death. It’s yet another song foreshadowing Diana’s spiral and unfortunate end. Nicks has said that the “white winged dove” represents the spirit leaving the body on death. The “ooh baby ooh” section is meant to sound like a dove’s song.

      Just like the white winged dove
      Sings a song Sounds like she's singing
      Ooh baby, ooh, said ooh [repeated]

    • The scene ends with her friends uproariously singing “God Save the Queen,” but Diana said in her life that she had a premonition that she’d never become queen, even when Charles proposed.

Diana with her mother, Frances Shand-Kydd, both wearing their similar sapphire rings, at Wimbledon in 1993.

Diana with her mother, Frances Shand-Kydd, both wearing their similar sapphire rings, at Wimbledon in 1993 (Credit: Daily Mail / Shutterstock).

  • The next scene shows “a rather special box of chocolates” of rings for Diana to choose from. She apparently did choose her ring from a selection of them. She initially looks at an oval ruby ring surrounded by small diamonds. The jeweler explains that it’s from the Mogok valley, the queen asks if she knows where that is, and Diana responds “oh i’m rather thick at geography.” The queen promptly says “Burma,” while Charles makes a face and chuckles, illustrating the divide between Charles and Diana which will only become more apparent as the episode and season goes on.

    • Burmese rubies are very popular and known for having a deep red color. They tend to be very rare and expensive. There really are several legends about the rubies in Burma, which the jeweller began to explain before he was interrupted by Diana choosing a different ring.

    • This ruby ring could be a reference to a few different things actually! The most famous burmese ruby in the English royal collection is the controversial Burmese Ruby tiara (much credit to the Court Jeweller for this post and everything I have ever learned about royal tiaras and jewels). Apparently this was made from the Nizam of Hyderabad Tiara, a diamond floral tiara that the queen received as wedding gift, from the Nizam, an Indian monarch who literally told Cartier to let the then-princess choose whatever she wanted from their collections as a wedding gift, much like in this scene with Diana. The tiara was dismantled in the 1970s and combined with another wedding gift, 96 rubies from the people of Burma, to make this tiara. People really liked the previous tiara and were upset at its being taken apart.

    • The ring itself in the show much more resembles a jewel from a different royal family, specifically, Queen Marie-Jose of Italy’s Ruby Ring, which is, in fact, made with a large Burmese ruby. It was offered for sale at auction recently with an estimated value of $5.8-$8.7 million.
      The ruby ring also slightly resembles the ring that Prince Andres later gave his future wife, Sarah Ferguson (Fergie).

    • Diana’s actual ring features an 18-carot oval-cut Sri Lankan sapphire. There is evidence that in real life, Diana did choose the sapphire ring because it reminded her of her mother’s ring and matched her eyes (her reasons given in The Crown) as well. It wasn’t custom made nor was it an heirloom ring, which made it unusual for royal ring (the queen’s ring was designed by Philip, Prince Andrew designed Fergie’s ruby ring, Charles proposed to Camilla with his grandmother’s diamond ring, and Prince Harry designed Meghan Markle’s diamond ring using diamonds that belonged to his mother). Prince William later used his mother’s ring to propose to Kate Middleton.

    • In this scene, Diana is wearing an outfit so similar to her engagement outfit that I initially thought it was the same one! The blue is almost exactly the same color. She’s sporting a pie crust collared shirt that’s very similar to those she wore in real life. She ended up really popularizing that collar style actually.

Upper left: Diana in The Crown looking at her new engagement ring. Other photos: Princess Diana in real life.

Upper left: Diana in The Crown looking at her new engagement ring. Upper Left: Princess Diana in a green dress.
Bottom: Princess Diana in various outfits
Left:Credit: Kypros / Getty; Right: Credit: Princess Diana Archive / Getty.

Left: Diana in The Crown, meeting the Royal Family after her engagement. Other photos: Diana in real life.

Left: Diana in The Crown, meeting the Royal Family after her engagement. Other photos: Diana in real life.

  • Next, the queen’s private secretary Martin Charteris passes on two suggestions from the Queen Mother: 1, that Diana be moved into Buckingham Palace before the engagement announcement to protect her from the media, and 2, that Diana be given some tutorials as to how to behave like a royal. Charteris suggests that the Queen teach Diana how to be a royal, but the Queen says she doesn’t have the time and that Lady Fermoy, Diana’s grandmother and the Queen Mother’s lady in waiting, can do so.

    • She was actually moved to Clarence House the day before the engagement was announced. She was later moved into Buckingham palace before the wedding.

    • I’ll talk about this more later on when we get to the actual “princess lessons,” but Diana said in interviews during her life that she was not given any training or education when she married Charles, although she really could have used it.

    • Note: Martin Charteris retired in 1977, so i’m slightly confused as to why they kept him as the queen’s secretary throughout all of season 3, which goes through 1990 - they must really like the actor!

  • We have a quick scene where Diana is hanging out with her flatmates for the last time before moving out and living with the royal family. As she walks down the stairs away from her flatmates, the camera actually spirals down with her. This is the first time this style of shot appears in this episode, but we’ll see it several more times, likely to illustrate her spiral down into her eating disorder. Diana going up and down stairs is also heavily featured throughout the stair, possibly referring to her change in status.

    • Note: Diana actually lived that flat in Earl’s Court, which her parents gave her when she was 18, after she had begged to be allowed to live in London for years.

    • In this scene, Diana says she’ll be on the phone with her friends day and night, which they laugh off, saying she’ll be too busy trying on tiaras and having tea brought to her. This illustrates that even her closest friends had a very “fairy tale” view of what Diana’s life would be like.

  • The scene where Diana meets all the family again in a more formal setting than Balmoral, forgets to curtsey to anyone, and then gets overwhelmed by all the rules and starts curtseying to the wrong people, is likely an exaggeration. The Spencer children grew up in a house on the Sandringham estate and regularly spent Christmases with the royal family while they were growing up. Both of Diana’s grandmothers served the Queen Mother (Lady Fermoy served the Queen Mother, as shown in the show, from 1956-1993, and her maternal Grandmother, Countess Spencer, served her from 1937-1972). They probably had royal protocol drilled into them by the time they were very young. Nerves could possibly excuse this though.
    We know that Diana’s brother Charles DID make a similar error to this out of pure nerves at a post-wedding rehearsal party at the palace; he said he just bowed to everyone in sight and ended up accidentally bowing to a waiter (I read this in Diana: Her True Story in her Own Words).

  • I couldn’t find a pastel plaid ball gown exactly like that shown in the awkward curtsey scene, but Diana certainly wore several similar outfits.

Left: The Crown. Right: real life.

Left: The Crown. Right: real life (Credit: Reginal Davis / Shutterstock).

Left: The Crown. Right: real life.

Left: The Crown. Right: real life (Credit: Anwar Hussein / Getty).

  • The Crown recreates Charles and Diana’s engagement announcement outfits almost perfectly. They also recreate the most famous segment of their engagement interview, in which a reporter asks if they’re in love, Diana says “of course,” and Charles says “whatever love is.” We have a video of the whole fiasco here, at about 7:40 in the video.

    • Diana’s family is never even shown in The Crown at all, except for Sarah in episode 1, but the engagement announcement does introduce her as “The Lady Diana Spencer, daughter of the Earl Spencer and the Honorable Mrs. Shand Kydd.” This is the only discussion we’ll ever see of the fact that Diana’s parents are divorced and had a very acrimonious separation, which involved Diana’s mother leaving her children and losing custody of them entirely. This tense childhood likely fueled her anxiety and mental health issues throughout her marriage and also contributed to her refusal to even consider divorcing Charles for a very long time.

  • I can’t find a screenshot from the Crown’s scene showing Diana saying good bye to Charles at the airport in the rain, but she wears a red velvet jacket with another piecrust collar shirt that’s tremendously similar to outfits she wore in real life. I did find a screenshot from another scene showing Diana in a outfit, with a green coat however, and have included that above side by side with photos of the real life Diana. Their conversation at the airport echoes their conversation after the opera in Episode 2, when Charles shrugs off the length of his trip away and Diana points out that their separation will be very long to her. This further illustrates that she’s much more attached to him than he was to her.

    • The Crown makes it look like the engagement was very short and that Charles was away on his trip almost the entire time, coming back only shortly before the wedding. In real life, Diana actually went on a trip to Australia immediately after Charles proposed in early February (he said later that he wanted to give her time to think about it if she didn’t want to say yes or no immediately), their engagement was announced in late February, and the two went to several public events together before their wedding happened in July 1981.

    • Charles tells Diana as they part that he’s asked Camilla to get in touch with her; Diana is already aware that Camilla is his ex, but doesn’t seem to realize how close they are yet. Charles seems to be trying here, but doesn’t seem to understand why Diana might not want to meet her or spend time with her, because after all “she's great fun...she's the best company.”

Left: Diana in The Crown, starting her princess lessons which absolutely did not happen in real life. Right: Diana in real life.

Left: Diana in The Crown, starting her princess lessons which absolutely did not happen in real life. Right: Diana in real life.
Bottom Right: Credit Julian Parker / Getty

Upper left: Diana in The Crown, watching news coverage about children making her congratulatory cards. Other photos: Diana in real life.

Upper left: Diana in The Crown, watching news coverage about children making her congratulatory cards. Other photos: Diana in real life. Bottom Left: Credit Tim Graham / Getty

  • Honestly, the thing I despise most about this episode are these princess lesson scenes. These in no way happened. Diana spoke several times in real life about how she was thrown into the deep end of royal protocol and public appearances without any education or preparation. She also specifically noted that she was never given any training in public speaking. People have said that The Crown was deeply unfair to the royal family in this season, but honestly, I think they’re actually being a bit too nice in this sequence. The royals may not have realized how unfair this was to Diana at the time, as they were just a bit oblivious and likely thought her background as a noblewoman had already readied her for this sort of thing. Thankfully, the royals have really really worked to learn from their mistakes with Diana and gave considerable training AND additional security to both Kate Middleton (Prince William’s wife) and Meghan Markle (Prince Harry’s wife) before their weddings.
    But yeah. These sequences where Diana’s grandmother trained her in royal protocol, public speaking, and the way that the royal household is run, are pure invention. They more resemble the plot of The Princess Diaries than real life. They’re most useful in showing how much Diana had to learn when she married Charles and how hard it all was on her, but the very fact that she DIDN’T get any of these lessons in real life only underlines how tough those early days were on her. I’m not going to get into royal protocol or expectations here, as there are a ton of them, but this article from Harper’s Bazaar talks about a lot of them (I should also note that things have definitely loosened up since the Queen Mother’s death and a lot of these rules aren’t really enforced anymore).

    • This sequence also does seem to indicate Diana’s rough relationship with Lady Fermoy. As I’ve noted previously, in real life, Lady Fermoy actually mildly advised against Diana marrying Charles, as she didn’t think the royal life would suit her. We don’t know the full details of what happened between them, but apparently Diana was not on speaking terms with her grandmother when Lady Fermoy died in 1993.

    • The plaid outfit Diana’s wearing in some of these scenes is very similar to ones she wore in real life.

    • This episode features a lot of quick shots of Diana looking at portraits around the Palace in awe, probably imagining her new life. In this scene, she’s looking at Queen Victoria’s coronation portrait. Victoria became queen when she was only 18 and married when she was 20/21, about Diana’s age at the time of her marriage (although I should note that Victoria’s husband was about her same age and they seemed to overall have a very happy marriage).

  • We have a lot of Diana Montage scenes coming up next, which I’ll run through quickly:

    • A lot of these scenes and in between moments really emphasize how alone Diana feels in her apartments at the palace, a stark contrast to the happy jollity shown in the scenes at her flat in Earl’s Court.

    • The next morning, Diana wakes up to Vienna by Ultravox playing as her alarm clock, which is a song written about a holiday romance with a dark tone. It’s only a very brief snippet, but the lyrics we hear are: “The music is weaving. …The image has gone, only you and I. It means nothing to me.”

    • Diana (once again shown with a portrait of young Queen Victoria, this time, wearing her wedding dress) appears in a white pie crust collar shirt with black ribbon tie to receive and start reading through all her post. She’s shown writing a letter to at least one person. In real life, Diana apparently did write lots of letters.

    • The dance lesson sequence kind of makes it look like Diana isn’t enjoying herself and is forced into it, as she has sort of a forced smile on her face, but in fact, she specially requested that the dance teacher and piano player come to the palace for lessons, as ballet helped her deal with stress. I couldn’t find any real life photos of Diana in dance costume that seemed legitimate (there are a few photos floating around claiming to be Diana as a teenager in a leotard doing ballet, but I couldn’t find a reliable source and her hair was dark brown rather than light brown, so I elected not to share those here, as I somewhat suspect they’re actually of one of her sisters). However, she did do ballet in school and really loved it, sneaking out of her dorm at night to go dance as stress relief. She also taught ballet for a while until a ski accident put her out of commission for several months. I did find some photos of her working out in a leotard and with several dance groups though.

    • Diana watching television alone as the news reports about elementary school children sending her wedding cards. She’s wearing her notorious “black sheep sweater,” which real life Diana wore several times in public over the years.

    • Diana listens to Girls on Film by DuranDuran on a tape deck as she skates around the palace. Diana definitely roller bladed in her life, but I’m unsure whether she would have roller skated inside a palace. Apparently there is evidence that she rode her bicycle around the palace though, so - maybe! She skates past the throne room and ends up stopping and looking at yet another painting of Queen Victoria (I figured it out it was this one) as grand soundtrack chords overpower Duran Duran, indicating her thoughts.
      This Duran Duran song really speaks to the situation, as it was inspired by the dark side of glitz and glamor. The song’s music video was actually quite controversial as the time, as they made it with lots of nudity with the idea that it would just be played in nightclubs, but then it showed up on MTV (with the nudes removed) and pissed everyone off.

      • This continues the trend of often using vaguely foreboding songs when Diana is around.

      • The actual lyrics in the show are:
        And I sense a rhythm humming in a frenzy
        All the way down her spine

        Girls on film [repeat several times]

    • Another scene of Diana sitting alone in her apartments looking anxious, looking out the window.

    • Diana meeting and learning all the staff titles with her grandmother, wearing a light blue floral vest and matching skirt with a white shirt.

    • Diana watching more footage of her wedding and trying to contact Prince Charles’s private secretary, then the Queen, and unable to reach anyone. The congratulatory flowers in her apartment are starting to multiply and become really apparent in this scene.

    • Content Warning: Eating Disorders [italicized]

      Another spiral staircase scene, as Diana runs down the stairs in her pajamas and a pale yellow robe to the kitchen, where she stress eats several desserts and then throws them up later. This is the first sign we’ve seen of her bulimia in the show. Diana claimed that her bulimia was sparked by Charles putting his hands on her waist during their engagement and saying something along the lines of “oh, a bit chubby here, aren’t we?”

      Content Warning End.

Left: Emma Corrin as Diana in The Crown. Middle: Diana with Prince Harry as a child. Right: Diana roller roller blading.

Left: Emma Corrin as Diana in The Crown. Middle: Diana with Prince Harry as a child. Right: Diana roller roller blading.
Middle credit Time Graham / Getty.

Upper left: Emma Corrin as Diana in The Crown. Upper right: Diana working out in real life. Bottom pictures: Diana meeting various dancers.

Upper left: Emma Corrin as Diana in The Crown. Upper right: Diana working out in real life. Bottom pictures: Diana meeting various dancers. Bottom right credit Princess Diana Archive / Getty.

  • Diana, bored in her apartments, starts to watch a children’s cartoon, Bagpuss, barely looking up as multiple carts of post (mail) are brought into her apartment, along with more flowers. The bouquets continue to multiply in her apartment rather ominously.

  • Diana calls a friend and walks around her apartment, where flowers now appear all around, on every surface and in every frame. She tells her friend that she hasn’t heard from Charles in three weeks. “I get letters from people all over the world but nothing, not a squeak, from the man I'm supposed to marry.” In real life, Diana said that she received a bouquet of flowers from Charles, but the lack of a note on it indicated to her pretty clearly that it was sent by Charles’s staff, not him personally. She finds a note from Camilla Parker Bowles and hangs up on her friends abruptly, without a goodbye. We get magnificent screechy horror strings music in the background as well.

Left: Emma Corrin as Diana in The Crown. Other Photos: Diana in real life.

Left: Emma Corrin as Diana in The Crown. Other Photos: Diana in real life.

Top: The Crown; Bottom: Real Life.

Top: The Crown; Bottom: Real Life.

  • She goes to lunch with Camilla at a place literally called Ménage à trois, which is a bit on the nose, huh? (a Ménage à trois is an arrangement in which three people have a sexual relationship). My husband pointed out that the restaurant has a French name but that the waiter speaks to them in Italian, which is weird. This was ACTUALLY a real restaurant that opened in London which only served starters and puddings, just like the one in the show.

    • Diana is dressed in a skirt suit in a pale yellow color, which contrasts a very feminine, young color with a more grown up silhouette. Camilla is in a very grown up looking black suit. These clothes resemble outfits their real life counterparts wore, but their juxtaposition highlights their age difference. Diana is barely 20 at this point in the story, while Camilla is 33 (actually a year older than Charles).

    • Apparently to heighten the tension and awkwardness of this scene, the director brought in the actor who plays Charles and had him sit between the women as they rehearsed their scene. He told the women, “only one of you can put your hand on his,” and Emerald Fennell (who plays Camilla) immediately put her hand on Josh O’Connor’s and kept it there the whole time. This ended up really making the actors feel Charles’s presence, even though he’s not there in the final scene.

    • I have a small theory that this season, with Diana and Charles, blue and yellow are important colors (these are both represented in the Prince of Wales’ seal, which is on a ring that Charles gives to Diana later in this episode). Once they’re a couple, they both wear blue when they are in harmony and their marriage is going well; Diana’s dissatisfaction with her relationship is represented by her wearing yellow. This trend won’t really become apparent until later in the season, but I think it’s noticeable that she’s wearing yellow in this particular scene, when she begins to realize how little she knows Charles and how very very close he and Camilla are. She also was wearing a yellow robe in the scene where she begins to binge and purge.

    • I think I’ve mentioned this before, but both Camilla and her husband were at Balmoral on the first weekend Diana spent there, so she had already met them in real life.

    • Conversation highlights indicating how very odd and specific Charles is:

      • "He's so fussy and set in his ways. He'll love it if you adapt to him."

      • Camilla reveals that Charles doesn’t eat lunch, as it’s supposed to be good for his health to only have two meals a day. This is true, and also finally explains Anne’s thrown off comment that “he doesn’t eat lunch anymore” in S4E1. It’s also rumored that Charles really does eat a soft boiled egg with everything.

      • "You know how he surrounds himself with old men and daddy substitutes." As was revealed in Season 2 and S4E1, Charles does NOT have a good relationship with his father Philip, and latched on to Lord Mountbatten as an elder “daddy substitute” figure. This is pretty accurate to real life as well.

      • Charles and Camilla really did call each other Gladys and Fred, names drawn from The Goon Show. Camilla didn’t tell this to Diana though; Diana figured it out from Charles’ friends and various notes he left behind.

      • When they banter about who should take the check and Camilla finally agrees to go Dutch, she says “I’m all for sharing, “ which again, is a bit on the nose, y’all.

      • Immediately after the lunch with Camilla, Diana retches in her apartments at the palace.

  • The incident where Diana found drawings of a bracelet with “Fred and Gladys” and “GF” on them on Charles’s secretary’s desk is pretty close to what happened in real life (Note: Diana is wearing yellow again in this scene!). In real life, Diana found the actual bracelet, with the initials “GF” on it. Just as the secretary in the show won’t answer who the bracelet is for, one of Charles’s servants wouldn’t answer Diana’s questions about it in real life.

    • Right after this scene, we get another spiral scene, of Diana running up the stairs to her apartment, where she is completely SURROUNDED BY FLOWERS, and after being told the Queen is unavailable, has a bit of a breakdown, pushing things off a table and putting her face in her hands in frustration.

    • In real life, Diana also determined before the wedding that she really should call it off. She told her sisters this, but they joked that her face was already on the tea towels, so she was stuck.

  • In the next scene, Diana dances first sedately and then more energetically and improvisationally to Elton John’s “Song for Guy,” which is a mainly instrumental song released in 1978. Elton John said later that he wrote this song while thinking about death; he was told the next day that Guy Burchett, his 17-year-old messenger boy, had been tragically killed on his motorcycle the day before. It’s one of the only few songs written by Elton John alone and only includes a few words at the end, which are simply “Life isn’t everything” repeated over and over again. Again, lots of foreboding music used when Diana is around. By the end of the scene, the music is drowned out by more somber instrumental music and Diana collapses on the floor.

    • Diana said in “Diana: Her True Story in her Own Words” that she often danced in the large hall at her family’s home in Althorpe, surrounded by large paintings. This scene seems to echo that.

    • Actress Emma Corrin asked if she could make up her own dance in this scene to Cher’s “Believe” (rather than choreographing anything in particular) and the director agreed to allow her to do it. Of course, that song isn’t period appropriate, so they changed it out in post-production, but the song definitely seems to help the actress’s sense of fun and energy come out. Corrin has also said that she’s a terrible dancer, so she was pretty nervous when she found out how large a role dancing played in Diana’s life.

    • Diana was close friends with Elton John in real life. He re-wrote and recorded “Candle in the Wind” in her honor after her death in 1997, which became a hit and raised lots of money for her charities.

  • Charles gets back into the country and we see him going to see Camilla first thing. We only see the aftermath of their meeting the next morning, as she's smoking a cigarette.

  • “I vow to thee my coutnry,” a patriotic hymn set to “Thaxted” by Gustav Holst (also known as the hymn melody from Holst’s “The Planets”), which plays in the background as Charles arrives at his wedding rehearsal, was actually sung at their wedding. Diana requested the song especially, saying that it had always been a favorite of hers. It was also sung at her funeral.

Top: Various views of Princess Margaret in The Crown in episode 3.  Bottom: Various views of Princess Margaret in real life wearing similar silhouettes and colors.

Top: Various views of Princess Margaret in The Crown in episode 3.
Bottom: Various views of Princess Margaret in real life wearing similar silhouettes and colors. Credit L to R: Central Press / Getty, PA / Getty, Tim Graham / Getty

Top: Anne, Margaret, and the Queen Mother in The Crown. Bottom: The royal family at Charles and Diana’s wedding, with Anne, Margaret, and the Queen Mother all visible in a row at the left.

Top: Anne, Margaret, and the Queen Mother in The Crown.
Bottom: The royal family at Charles and Diana’s wedding, with Anne, Margaret, and the Queen Mother all visible in a row at the left (Credit: Bettmann / Getty).

  • As Charles arrives at their wedding rehearsal at St. Paul’s Cathedral (with lots of crowds cheering outside), Diana sits in the corner quietly freaking out. When he arrives, she stands and quietly but angrily confronts him - asking why he went straight to Gloucestershire and saying that she found the bracelet and knows about “Gladys.” Princess Margaret looks at them with a worried face.

    • They’re wearing basically exactly what they wore in real life.

    • Charles claims that the bracelet was made as a farewell gift, a souvenir, and also states that he went to Gloucestershire to tell Camilla face to face that it’s over, and also to pick up a signet ring for Diana.

    • All the scenes with Charles and Diana in St. Paul’s are shot with the cathedral just towering all around them, illustrating how small they really are in the grand scheme of things in the royal family.

    • In the rehearsal itself, the traditional wedding service is read out, pointing out that marriage should not be entered into unadvisedly. or lightly. Princess Margaret in the background grows increasingly concerned looking, clearly thinking about her own marriage and divorce.

  • That night, Prince Philip arrive at the palace and asks how the rehearsal went. The Queen notes that she and the Queen Mother that that it was lovely, but Margaret disagrees. Margaret than logically points out that Charles is in love with somebody else and asks, “How many times can this family make the same mistake. Forbidding marriages that should be allowed. forcing others that shouldn't. Paying the consequences each time.” Philip responds: “He's marrying Diana." Margaret: “But he's still in love with the other one.”

    • Margaret’s words, of course, refer to several situations: Edward VIII abdicating the throne so that he can marry divorcee Wallis Simpson, Margaret herself being forced to choose between her lover Peter Townsend and her royal status, Charles being unable to marry Camilla, and the current situation of Charles being forced to marry Diana, who he barely knows.

    • The argument continues: Philip argues, "The older Diana gets, the more confident Diana becomes, the more beautiful Diana becomes, and she will - the more Charles will fall in love with her - and this will all be fine." Margaret, “in the meantime he juggles them both?" Queen Mother: "That's how it works. That's how it’s always worked." Margaret, the only one talking reason: "That's madness - we have to stop them now - not just for the sake of the monarchy but for them as human beings.”

    • We have no evidence that any of these conversations happened before the wedding. It does seem that both Diana and Charles wanted to call off the wedding beforehand, but it’s unclear whether they brought these concerns to anyone in the royal family itself.

  • As celebratory fireworks go off ominously in the background, sounding honestly more like gun shots, the Queen goes to talk to Charles, who is gazing out a window alone and looking extremely miserable. His face looks terribly gaunt and his eyes are all sunken.

    • To encourage Charles, the Queen tells him the story of Mary, who was meant to marry her prince charming, but alas, after he died, ended up having to marry his younger brother, “prince charmless,” noting that there was no attraction between the two of them and certainly no love. But the two focused on their duty to their country, and “worked and worked and worked, and out of that work a tiny seed grew, a seed of respect and admiration, a seed that grew into a flower they could eventually call love.” She ends the story by noting that they were married for 42 years, stabilized a country “that was at war with itself”, while all around them great monarchies fell (here, she likely is referring to World War I, which featured many British royals and descendants of British royals on both sides of the war).

      • Reminder: we saw Mary in the first season of The Crown, as she was the mother of Elizabeth’s father.

      • I don’t know how accurate this story is, honestly. Vanity Fair did a recent roundup of awkward royal engagements that portrayed the relationship between Mary and her two princes very differently, indicating that her original fiance Eddy was actually much more awkward and odd and that Mary preferred his younger brother George from the start. By all accounts though, they did have a long happy marriage, her husband never took a mistress (although his father had had MANY), and they constantly wrote to each other while apart.

    • “I cannot claim to be the most intuitive mother, but i do know when one of my children is unhappy. Whatever wretchedness you feel now, whatever doubts you feel now, if you could follow the example of your great grandmother, love and happiness will surely follow." - The Queen to Charles.

      • I feel like this sort of advice was predicated on the idea that both Charles and Diana would be mature, responsible, and respectful to themselves, their duties, and each other, and honestly, neither of them really did a very good job with that.

  • On the morning of the wedding, Diana is no longer surrounded by flowers at least. She looks at her engagement and signet rings carefully and fingers them thoughtfully, like Charles did with his toy soldier at the beginning of the episode. A radio broadcast plays in the background discussing the weather for the day.

    • Note: The Emmanuels, who designed Diana’s wedding dress, actually made a little umbrella to go with it, but the dress’s material would have done Very Badly in the rain and had a gigantic skirt and train that wouldn’t have fit under the umbrella, so honestly, they’re really lucky it didn’t rain. We also see sevearl shots of the huge crowds outside the palace and along the wedding parade route.

  • As the episode draws to a close, we see all the royal women we saw at the beginning of the episode waiting for a phone call with engagement news now getting ready for the wedding. Anne and Margaret look miserable, although the Queen Margaret and the Queen look fairly happy. They’re all dressed in outfits extremely similar to what they wore in real life.

    • I wonder at the focus on the royal women. The montage does move on to show Philip, Charles, and Diana all getting ready for the wedding, but the fact that the episode starts and ends with a focus on four royal women is…very interesting. Is it meant to show something about all the relationship sacrifices they made for the monarchy? From all reports the Queen Mother’s marriage was happy, and although Elizabeth and Philip had some issues, they’ve been pretty good, but Anne and Margaret’s marriages both ended in divorce (Anne has remarried since and seems much happier), so they two in particular seem to really realize the situation that Charles and Diana are getting into.

    • Philip looks at his wife after they’re both ready for the wedding, smiles, and then walks away away. They have a friendship and a sweetness to them that I appreciate, but I miss the passion they showed in earlier seasons. The show doesn’t even bother to portray them as romantic beings for the vast majority of this season, which I dislike. There’s like one moment in the fourth episode where the Queen leaves her door open and Philip asks if it was a signal for him to come in, and the Queen instantly shoots him down and says she just wants to talk, which…./sigh/

Upper left, the design of Diana’s dress by the Emmanuels. Lower left, the dress in The Crown. Right: Charles and Diana on their actual wedding day.

Upper left, the design of Diana’s dress by the Emmanuels (Credit: Central Press / Getty). Lower left, the dress in The Crown. Right: Charles and Diana on their actual wedding day (Credit: Mirrorpix / Getty).

Left: Charles in The Crown. Right: Charles in real life.

Left: Charles in The Crown. Right: Charles in real life (Credit: Express Newspapers / Getty).

  • The episode ends with the words of the archbishop on their wedding day, over shots of Diana and Charles getting ready. The words of the service would be so very on point if the couple was actually right for each other and loved each other and were willing to wok together, but as it is, it just underlines the sadness of the actual story.

    • “Here is the stuff of which fairy tales are made. A prince and princess on their wedding day. But fairytales usually end at this point with the simple phrase, ‘They lived happily ever after.' As husband and wife live out their vows, loving and cherishing one another, sharing life’s splendors and miseries, achievements and setbacks, they will be transformed in the process. Our faith sees the wedding day not as the place of arrival, but the place where the adventure really begins.”

    • The IMDB page for this episode doesn’t list any credits for the archbishop, so I believe this last bit was actually taken from the actual audio of their wedding.

    • The creators of the show have said a few times that they didn’t feel the need to show the wedding itself, as it was an extremely documented event at the time. You can actually watch the whole ceremony online and look through their wedding program as well.

Over-Analyzing The Crown: S4E2 The Balmoral Test

e2 royal family stag hunting.jpg

Screenshot from The Crown, Netflix

Since I had great fun over-analyzing every episode of Season 3 of The Crown last year, I’m doing the same thing this year! I’ll be /trying/ to write these posts up one episode at a time (although I may watch ahead a bit of my writing), so there won’t be spoilers for any main plot points of any episode except that which I’m covering in the post, although I may point out a little foreshadowing to later strife and such. So if you haven’t watched Season 4 Episode 2 of the Crown yet and don’t want to be spoiled, please stop reading now. :)

This may be my favorite episode of The Crown literally ever, I laughed so hard at all the Thatcher/Royal Family shenanigans and loved the more extended introduction to Diana.

  • I kind of love episodes that start off with tiny characters we’ve never seen before and will never seen again. Here, it’s a short hunting scene with one of their Balmoral neighbors and his client. I love the way the neighbor says “That’s the line where our estate ends and the other begins. And we never cross that line.”)

    • Queen talks about how she has so many commitments for the day, but Philip just responds, "I've cancelled them.” The entire scene at the breakfast table where Philip and Anne argue over who ‘s going to get the stag is super funny. This family is so hilariously hunting crazy. Philip and Anne specifically joke about how the great stag head currently in their dining room NEEDS to have a rival to it. glowering at it across the room. Sure enough, at the end of the episode, the stag head is placed exactly where they said it should go.

    • Royal family members who notably do NOT hunt the stag in this episode: Princess Margaret, who goes out to meet the family for lunch but doesn’t go out with them earlier (In real life, Margaret apparently was NOT a fan of outdoor sports. However - note that later in the episode, she calls Thatcher’s suggestion that the stag was seen on the west shore of the loch “ridiculous,” as the land is low ground and too open, showing that she may not hunt herself, but she absolutely knows what it’s all about), and Prince Charles. Charles actually was and is still quite an enthusiastic hunter, but he is known these days as being quite interested in environmental issues and has spoken out several times about the need to reduce meat consumption. It’s an interesting contradiction. In the episode, I think it’s just to help Diana stand out and further set Charles apart from his family, in a way that hearkens back to the way he felt like an outsider in Season 3’s Imbroglio, at the funeral of his uncle.

    • Costume notes: Anne is in a navy shirt with a tan plaid vest and skirt that are similar, but not exactly like things she’s worn in real life. The Queen sports a plaid skirt and a matching shirt and sweater set, which conforms very much to her usual, plaid-eriffic, slightly more casual look at Balmoral. The entire family actually tends to wear a lot of plaid when they’re at balmoral. The queen mother is in a light shirt and sweater set, which matches with her generally pastel colored dress wardrobe at this time.

Erin Doherty as Princess Anne in the Crown; Princess Anne in real life.

Erin Doherty as Princess Anne in the Crown; Princess Anne in real life (Credit: Mark Cuthbert / Getty).

The Queen

The Queen (Credit: Ben Curtis / PA)

The Queen, Queen Mother, and Margaret Thatcher

The Queen, Queen Mother, and Margaret Thatcher

  • I maintain again that it looks like they put Olivia Colman in a bit of padding to play this queen this season, which is an odd choice, because the queen did not look like that in 1980. I checked, Colman wasn’t pregnant during the shooting for The Crown, and she doesn’t look like this in real life (see, pictures from her instagram), and the queen herself stayed pretty damn trim throughout the 1980s. I’m not going to post pics of the queen in the 1980s next to the Queen in the Crown in the 1980s next to each other because that just feels like i’m buying into the fact that we should give a shit about anyone’s waist size, but it’s just…such a weird choice?

  • According to Diana: Her True Story in her Own Words, Diana’s grandmother Lady Fermoy really did chaperone an opera date with Prince Charles to a Verdi opera - Requiem in real life, although here, the music played is from La Traviata. In real life, they also had supper at the palace afterward with Lady Fermoy. Interestingly enough, she’s shown later in the episode pressuring Diana into being a suitable mate for Charles and emphasizing how important the weekend in Balmoral is, but in real life, her grandmother warned Diana that the royal family had an unusual sense of humor and they might not get along very well. Diana ignored her at the time.

    • They only play a short snippet of the opera they play, but according to the internet, the specific song snippet is from E strano! E strano! The translation of the lyrics is uh, extremely on point for the themes in this episode, as by the end, Charles decides to marry a woman he doesn’t love and give up the woman he does (although of course, that woman is already married to someone else, so like, maybe should have made that decision years before, yeah, Charlie boy?).

      • How strange it is … how strange!
        Those words are carved upon my heart!
        Would a true love bring me misfortune?
        What do you think, o my troubled spirit?
        No man before kindled a flame like this.
        Oh, joy …I never knew …
        To love and to be loved!
        Can I disdain this for a life of sterile pleasure?

    • I do love that they put Diana in a green/blue dress on a date at an opera by Verdi. I couldn’t find any exact matches to this dress, but she did wear a lot of green and turquoise dresses in the 80s. Apparently while she was dating Charles, she actually borrowed a lot of clothes from her friends, as she had a pretty small wardrobe herself and needed more to wear.

    • Her conversation with Charles indicates their differences in viewpoint and age so intently: Diana says she loves Verdi because he’s so romantic. Charles said “to focus simply on romance diminishes Verdi’s legacy and musical influence. His music played such a key role in the Italian unification, too.” They see things very differently, and he lectures her like her teacher, not like her boyfriend.

    • Charles tells her he’ll be out of the country and in scotland for a while and won’t see her until the autumn, quite matter of factly; she says the time will drag by, indicating how much more interested she is in him than he is in her.

    • Emma Corrin just embodies Diana so well. I think it's the way she holds her head and neck and shoulders?

    • Was that curtsey to him like a sexy curtsey? It was sexy! But he didn’t kiss her and only shook her hand and CLEARLY DOES NOT DESERVE HER SEXY CURTSEY. Poor Diana.

    • ”Was that very frigid?”
      “Yes. but perfectly gentlemanly.”
      “Princely.”
      “Sorry. princely.”
      This exchange indicates their gap in status. Diana actually did not refer to Charles by first name until after they were married; she called him “Sir” up until then.

    • Apparently Charles wasn’t QUITE as standoffish and prudish with Diana in real life as he is shown to be in The Crown. As I mentioned in the previous blog post, Diana stated that when they met for the first time since he’d broken up with her sister at a friend’s house party, he began kissing her after she sympathized with him over Lord Mountbatten’s death.

The top photo was actually from the final cabinet picture in this episode, not the first. In the first posed pic, she’s wearing a feminine floral, but by the end, she’s moved into her power color of blue. The bottom photo is the real Margaret Thatch…

The top photo was actually from the final cabinet picture in this episode of The Crown, not the first. In the first posed pic, she’s wearing a feminine floral, but by the end, she’s moved into her power color of blue.
The bottom photo is the real Margaret Thatcher with her cabinet. Notice how the portrait behind them in the TV series is a woman, not a man, and is less ornate than the real life picture.

The real life Margaret Thatcher and the Queen at Balmoral, vs. Gillian Anderson as Margaret Thatcher in The Crown.

The real life Margaret Thatcher and the Queen at Balmoral, vs. Gillian Anderson as Margaret Thatcher in The Crown.

  • I will admit that I know almost nothing about Margaret Thatcher and her policies, so I can’t speak to the historical accuracy of any of her scenes with her cabinet. I’ll do some research and come back to this. : )

    • The first cabinet photo scene is so striking - Margaret Thatcher stands out in her floral dress so intensely from all the men in suits around her, in like an authoritative but also feminine way.
      As shown in the cabinet photos at the beginning and end of this episode, Margaret Thatcher really was the only woman in her cabinet for most of her time as prime minister though; she only appointed one female minister, Janet Young, who served as the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (which is a weird role, as it doesn’t actually have much to do with the running of the duchy and more allows the PM to appoint an additional minister to the cabinet), Leader of the House of Lords, and the Lord Privy Seal from 1981-1983.

    • Thatcher bemoans how unimaginative and fearful some of her cabinet ministers are as she flies with her husband to Balmoral, referring to their “faint hearts.”

  • "Balmoral tests" refers to the royal family’s habit of subjecting their guests to secret tests. This apparently IS a thing that happens. I don’t know if the royal family INTENDS to put their guests through the wringer, but they do seem to have very specific traditions that they expect people to adhere to without necessarily bothering to tell them about it.

  • The Thatchers are bemused by having separate rooms at Balmoral and confused about how to tip the maids as well.

    • Margaret Thatcher’s strange contradictions of being the most powerful person in the country but also wanting to be super feminine and keep to traditional gender roles continues in this episode. When a maid starts to unpack her husband’s suitcase, she stops her, saying, "I like to do that myself, especially for my husband."

      • Maid: “I can't help but notice, ma'am, but you didn't bring any outdoor shoes."
        Margaret: “No.”
        Denis: "What a strange thing to say."

        • HAH. This apparently was a thing that actually consistently happened every time Margaret Thatcher visited Balmoral - she never once had the correct shoes for outdoor events.

        • Fun fact, immediately after this scene, we transition to a close up shot on Queen’s shoes in the next scene, which are very outdoor and appropriate and brown.

      • Margaret Thatcher: "Are we allowed to sleep in one bed?"
        Denis Thatcher: "I will check the protocol sheet."
        I don’t know about the Thatchers, but the Queen and Prince Philip definitely have separate bedrooms. This is pretty common in the British upper class actually, even now.

  • THE ROYAL FAMILY IS ALL SO brown so rustic and dirty and talking about stags in heat and omg. AND THEN MARGARET THATCHER AND THER HUSBAND WALK IN IN TUXEDO AND LONG EVENING DRESS. Thatcher’s dress in the series is pretty similar to some of her real life outfits.

    • They really are so rude to her, it’s hilarious but honestly, i feel terrible for her. If there was a protocol sheet laid out in the room, it SHOULD have included details about the schedule and dress code for every event, not just leaving them to assume that because dinner was black tie, the drinks before dinner must be black tie.

    • Philip: “But it’s TEA TIME.” Is it? It’s 6 pm. What? Everything I’ve read online says that tea time generally is 3:30-5 pm, but I’m not the British royal family so uhh, what do I know?

    • Corgi appearance: on the queen’s lap and also trying to get food off the plates.

    • Philip-ism: “Christ, do you think they’ll come to lunch tomorrow in their pajamas?”

Top: the cast of the Crown. Bottom: The queen stalking about at Balmoral.

Top: the cast of the Crown. Bottom: The queen stalking about at Balmoral (Credit: Central Press / Getty).

Top, Gillian Anderson and Stephen Boxer playing Margaret and Denis Thatcher in The Crown. Bottom, the real life Margaret Thatcher.

Top, Gillian Anderson and Stephen Boxer playing Margaret and Denis Thatcher in The Crown.
Bottom Left, the real life Margaret Thatcher (Credit: Peter Brooker / Shutterstock).
Bottom Right: Margaret Thatcher and Japan’s Crown Prince Akihito (Credit: The Asahi Shimbun / Getty).

A screenshot from the hilarious Ibble Dibble scene.

A screenshot from the hilarious Ibble Dibble scene from The Crown.

  • Princess Anne and then her husband doing stag bellows at the dinner table while everyone's wearing super formal evening wear, I’m dying.

    • Queen Mother talking about conservation of stags while Mr. Thatcher tries to tout it as a business proposition. The Royal Family really does have a strange relationship with animals, where hunting is a regular activity and tradition, but several members of the family tout conservation and environmentalism. In real life, the queen mother and Denis Thatcher apparently got on quite well and apparently had similar tastes in drinks.

    • Ibble Dibble looks like just the most fun game ever. The Independent has the rules online now if you want to play! They clearly are trying to pull Margaret Thatcher into their circle, and she just refuses to let down her guard and risk getting a cork mark on her face, as she says the silly rhyme in the slowest manner possible, somewhat ruining the whole vibe.

      • The queen once again demonstrates how much more empathetic she is and how much more understanding of the weirdness of being around the royal family than Philip is, who has no patience for that.
        Philip: “What was she doing”
        Queen: “Yes, she was rather hopeless. but i’m willing to give her the benefit of the doubt. It was probably just nerves.”
        P “Of what?”
        Q “Of the situation in which she finds herself. “
        P “We were playing parlor games, having fun.”
        Q “Perhaps her idea of fun is something else entirely.”
        P “or she’s incapable of it and wouldn’t know fun of it bit her on the backside.”

    • Husband John and I have decided that we will now say “tippity toppity down with the nazis" every time we drink, just like the Queen Mother right before she drank her whiskey during the drinking game.

  • Margaret Thatcher refers to the parlor games as a waste of a whole evening, and pulls out documents to work on in bed. Her husband complains and suggests he sleep in the other room assigned to them. Margaret says, “Don’t you dare! We don’t want to catch any upper-class habits. Those that sleep apart grow apart.” She points out a book on the bedside table for him to read. He notes that it’s “Hunting Memoirs of Balmoral Castle” and starts reading a letter from Prince Albert (Queen Victoria’s husband) from September 5, 1848 in a German accent, which is hilarious.

  • OH MY GOD MARGARET THATCHER'S DELAYED ENTRANCE OUT STALKING - so you finally see what she's wearing and it's like a full bright blue business suit with heels.

    • The Queen strikes up a conversation with the prime minister but noting that her father taught her how to stalk. Margaret reminisced about how she connected with her father by working with him and listening to him practice his alderman speeches. You can tell the queen is really trying to connect with her (“how lovely for you both”) and just like….not…getting there.

    • Queen: “When stalking, the trick really, is to disappear into nature, to preserve the element of surprise. So next time, you might not wear bright blue. It means the stag can see you. Or wear scent. It means he can smell you.” /Thatcher almost falls/ “And now he can hear you too.” Thatcher then offers to go back and change. I just adore the Queen’s passive aggressive away of getting her point across, lol.

    • Margaret Thatcher really did use the term “wet” and associated upper class folks with being "wet, weak, and chinless.” She thought they weren’t brave enough to really do what needed to be done to fix the country.

  • In her usual straightforward way, Princess Margaret calls out thatcher, for 1., calling Elizabeth her sister instead of the queen, 2., sitting in Queen Victoria’s chair, which no one sits in, and 3. working on a bank holiday.

    • The “don’t sit in queen Victoria’s chair” thing is real, according to “Diana: Her true story in her own words.”

    • Battle of the Margarets:
      Prime Minister Margaret: ”It is hard to have a holiday when the country is in its current state.”
      Princess Margaret: "The country has been a state before, it will doubtless be in a state again. One learns, when one has the benefit of experience, that sometimes time off is the most sensible course of action.”
      Prime Minister Margaret: “Time off gives me no pleasure.”
      Princess Margaret: “It might give you something more important than that. Perspective."

  • Charles arrives at Balmoral and promptly calls Camilla to whine about her having a husband and children of her own and not being able to drop everything and come with him to Balmoral. Camilla tells Charles that he needs a young women who's free to follow him around and is willing to give up her life for him, straight up encouraging him to continue seeing Diana.

    • In real life, both Camilla and her husband Andrew were at Balmoral when Diana visited for the first time and met the family.

    • The hopelessness of their relationship is illustrated when Camilla suggests Diana as a possible wife for Charles. Charles: “Don’t say that. i’d much rather hear how jealous you are.”
      Camilla: “I would be, but it’s hopeless, isn’t it?”

The royal family at a Scottish festival in The Crown.

The royal family at a Scottish festival in The Crown.

Gillian Anderson as Margaret Thatcher, having anti-royalist, anti-haggis, and anti-Ibble Dibble thoughts.

Gillian Anderson as Margaret Thatcher, having anti-royalist, anti-haggis, and anti-Ibble Dibble thoughts.

  • The royals attend a super fun looking Scottish festival that Margaret Thatcher does not even slightly appreciate, as she’s in a terrible mood after seeing several of her cabinet members criticize her publicly on the news. While there, watching a haggis throwing contest, she wonders why she’s in “a half-Germanic half-Scottish cuckoo-land,” as her husband calls it, and calls the royals boring, snobbish and rude, comparing them to her upper-class critics in her cabinet. She then says the country needs a change from top to bottom and makes an excuse to leave Balmoral early.

    • In real life, although Margaret Thatcher didn’t like the upper class very much, she seemed to get along rather well with the Queen and never even once suggested the abolition of the monarchy, despite the ominous undertones of this scene.

    • I really enjoy the royals’ conversation reaction to this.
      Princess Margaret: "Life in post war-Britain is one uninterrupted crisis. and yet none of the other prime ministers left early." …..
      Queen: "Perhaps we weren't very friendly."
      Princess Margaret: "What are you talking about? I was incredibly friendly. I positively gushed." (Margaret has the best passive aggressive lines.)

  • The juxtaposition of the Thatcher’s failure of a Balmoral visit vs. Diana’s success there is emphasized by the fact that Diana literally drives up as Thatcher leaves. I enjoy that the queen doesn’t even know who she is at first.

    • The maid, still fresh from dealing with Margaret Thatcher, asks Diana if she brought outdoor shoes. Diana responds that she ONLY brought outdoor shoes.

    • Queen, about Charles and Diana: "i can't keep up, is this one a friend friend or a girl friend"

    • In real life, on her weekend trip at Balmoral, Diana stayed at a grace and favour cottage on the estate with her sister Jane, who was married to Robert Fellowes, an assistant private secretary to the queen. It seems that she IS staying in a separate cottage on the estate, but her sister and husband aren’t mentioned and it’s not really commented upon; i missed that she wasn’t staying in the castle proper on the first watch actually. As I mentioned earlier, Camilla and Andrew Parker Bowles were also at Balmoral that weekend in real life.

Top left: Emma Corrin in the Crown, bottom left: Princess Diana and Prince Charles in real life. Top Right: The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with tiny Prince Charles and Princess Anne at Balmoral. Bottom Right: The whole royal fam in plaid.

Top left: Emma Corrin in the Crown, bottom left: Princess Diana and Prince Charles in real life (Credit: Anwar Hussein / Getty). Top Right: The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with tiny Prince Charles and Princess Anne at Balmoral (Credit: PA / Getty). Bottom Right: The whole royal fam in plaid (Credit: Lichfield / Getty).

Top: Emma Corrin and Tobias Menzies in The Crown. Bottom: Princess Diana and Prince Charles at Balmoral.

Top: Emma Corrin and Tobias Menzies in The Crown. Bottom Right: Princess Diana and Prince Charles at Balmoral (Credit: Anwar Hussein / Getty).

  • She debuts well at the dinner in a lovely plaid dress that looks very much like a few outfits she wore in real life. She also blends in very well with the family, who wears a LOT of plaid when they’re at Balmoral. She also looks like part of the family when she goes off hunting the next morning with Prince Philip, as she’s dressed almost exactly like him.

    • Diana to Philip: "The muckier the better, I'm a country girl at heart." Philip smiles very broadly at this, seemingly delighted.

    • In real life, Diana really didn’t like hunting, but she had been around it and knew how to talk about it and deal with it. She knew how to impress people. And she did grow up in the country, so she’s comfortable with that sort of thing.

  • The whole stag story line feels incredibly familiar, and reminds me very much of another famous stag scene, namely, a significant scene in the 2006 film The Queen. That film, about the aftermath of Diana’s death, shows the queen connecting with a prize stag her husband is hunting and shoos it away. Later, the stag dies, and the queen is terribly affected by it, even shedding a hidden tear over it. People have argued about these scenes a lot, as the Queen has hunted her entire life and would likely not have felt that much emotion over a stag, but it’s very symbolic and meant to show someone beautiful and lovely being captured and destroyed, just like Diana. It has to be a purposeful tribute to that film, as Peter Morgan, the creator and writer of The Crown, ALSO wrote The Queen (and the Audience, a brilliant play about the queen’s meetings with her prime ministers. He’s made a LOT of money off writing about the royal family).

    • Throughout the episode, there’ve been little moments where we see the stag in various bits of scenery. After they catch him and bring it to the castle, there’s a moment where all those pieces of scenery are revisited, only now they’re empty, no stag to be seen.

  • Diana leaves Balmoral wearing a distinctive striped sweater that’s almost identical to one Diana wore in real life. The photos we have of Diana in that sweater actually look SO much like Emma Corrin, who plays her in The Crown, that I had to look at them several times to check.

    • She’s now spent the weekend with his family but Charles still doesn’t touch her as they say goodbye, not even for a hug or a kiss on the cheek. He says, very romantically, “You’ve been a great sport.”

  • Charles talking to Camilla. They continue to talk in a very negative way about a lot of people, as was shown in Season 3, imitating the way that Wallis Simpson and Edward spoke about the royal family. Charles notes that Diana got "rave reviews from the whole ghastly politburo." “In the history of Balmoral, no one has ever passed the test with such flying colors.” Camilla looks beautifully sad as Charles tells her that his family wants him to marry Diana.

    • Charles complains to Camilla that Diana’s a child. She was 20 when she married Charles, who was nearly 13 years older than her. There have been reports that Charles actually did refer to Diana as a child in real life, noting that she was “exquisitely pretty, a perfect poppy,” but that “she does not look old enough to be out of school, much less married.”

    • This entire conversation also foreshadows how often Charles and Camilla are really talking and in how much detail about his life with Diana. The show leaves it a little bit ambiguous as to whether Charles is actually having a physical relationship with Camilla at this point in his life, but there’s definitely a huge emotional attachment.

  • Philip tells Charles that the family wants him to marry Diana. This scene takes place in the hanging room with the stag all strung up, dead and trapped. The symbolism is a bit on the nose here, yes? But fortunately, Charles points it out in the dialogue, saying that her father was “oblivious to the grotesque symbolism. It might as well have been me strung up and skinned.”

Emma Corrin on the left, real life Diana on the right. (She looks INCREDIBLY like Emma Corrin here, doesn’t she? It’s bizarre).

Emma Corrin on the left, real life Diana on the right (Credit: Tim Graham / Getty). (She looks INCREDIBLY like Emma Corrin here, doesn’t she? It’s bizarre).

Real Life Diana on the left, Emma Corrin in the Crown on the right.

Real Life Diana on the left (Credit: Jacob Sutton / Getty), Emma Corrin in the Crown on the right.

  • Margaret Thatcher puts on a formidable purple suit, pulls out a symbolically shaped sword letter opener, makes a list of the ministers who are making problems for her, and then fires them one after another in a marvelous sequence. I disagree with Thatcherism on probably every single point, but it’s hard not to love some of her scenes in this season; she’s just so determined.

    • The queen passive aggressively notes at the beginning of her meeting with Thatcher: “I’m always mystified by those who don’t feel at home at Balmoral. Some just don’t. They come and are bewildered by it, by the weather and traditions. They see only cruelty in the blood sports, instead of kindness or necessity. But there have been blood sports here too, I see, you have a brand new cabinet.”

    • Thatcher specifically says that she fired her ministers because they were from a background that made them privileged, entitled, and lacking grit. The queen mildly questions this choice, noting that Thatcher is playing "A dangerous game, making enemies left right and center.” Thatcher says, "Not if someone is unafraid of having enemies." “Are you?” “Oh yes” - and then Thatcher recites a long quotation, suggesting that perhaps she was prepared for this criticism.

      • The poem she recites to the queen is by Scottish author Charles McKay: ““You have no enemies, you say? Alas, my friend, the boast is poor. He who has mingled in the fray of duty that the brave endure, must have made foes. If you have none, small is the work that you have done. You’ve hit no traitor on the hip. You’ve dashed no cup from perjured lip. You’ve never turned the wrong to right. You’ve been a coward in the fight.”"

    • In 1981, Thatcher really did fire three government ministers who were critical of her economic policies and transferred a fourth to Northern Ireland. The dismissed ministers were the deputy foreign minister, the education minister, and majority leader of the House of Lords. Employment Secretary James Prior was transferred to the position of secretary of state for Northern Ireland against his wishes.

    • She looks so incredibly triumphant

  • Anne tells Charles to get on with it and marry Diana even though they barely know each other, calling him Eeyore in the process (which is basically a perfect description of his constant hangdog looks this season, although I can’t find any indication that he actually was called that in real life). She spouts out a couple wonderful Anne-isms, saying “After a selection process that involved half of Britain, you’ve somehow stumbled on the perfect one in age, looks, and breeding. Or have you managed to find fault even in perfection?” “Don't fight it. She's perfect. She even got the stag, damn her." and “Those legs. Cow.” These admiringly positive but petty statements would transform in a few episodes to outright jealousy.

    • Anne is two years younger than Charles and at the time of this episode, has already been married almost 7 years (marrying at age 23) and had two children. Their parents married when Elizabeth was 21 and Philip was 26. So yeah, they all seem to be pretty desperate for the 31 year old Charles to get on with it already.

    • Charles expresses the concern that he and Diana barely know each other. This is a inner voice he really should have listened to. Diana said in her life that they had only met in person 13 times before he asked her to marry him.

    • Anne KNOWS that Charles still speaks to Camilla all the time. She says, "Time to close this chapter. Time to put the whole Parker Bowles saga behind us all for good." HAHAHAHAHA.

  • The show ends with trading visuals of the stag head being brought to Balmoral and mounted, Thatcher posing happily with her new cabinet for a photo, and Diana walking down the street with her head down, surrounded by photographers, which is both a happy and foreboding scene. In real life, before they even got engaged, Diana sometimes had as many as 30 journalists following her around. A news media organization rented the flat opposite hers so they could look in at her bedroom. I’ll get into this more in the next episode, but it’s clear that this season is going to focus a lot on the media sensation around Diana, which was wholly unexpected and unprecedented.

    • Music note: These scenes take place with the Overture from La Traviata playing in the background, bringing back the opera’s sad themes. La Traviata tells the story of a courtesan dying of tuberculosis who leaves her lifestyle to be with the man she loves, but ultimately leaves him behind at his father’s request in order to avoid ruining his and his family’s reputation. There’s lots of strife, but her lover ultimately comes back to her and forgives her right before she dies. (and uh, yeah, it’s very similar to the plot line of Moulin Rouge). The story doesn’t align with Charles and Diana’s, but the elements of love, duty, and family pressure all strike a chord here.

Cosplaying as Elizabeth Woodville for TudorCon!

I put together this Elizabeth Woodville cosplay for my TudorCon talk, which is all about the effects of the wars of the roses on Tudor policy. I've actually never put together a historical costume before and this is the most work I've ever put into any costume (my costumes tend to be put together by combining various purchased pieces; I usually don’t actually make any of the pieces!).

It's been thrown together with less than expert skill and frankly would only work for zoom, as lots of things are pinned into place. It all looks a lot worse from the back, but decent from the front, yes?

The base dress is a black Tudor style dress from ArtemisiaDesignsCo on Etsy which is also serving as my Anne Boleyn costume base (for Sunday, when I'm reading questions for Tudor trivia - I’ll post pictures of that later!). I hot glued some pearl beading around the square collar but otherwise haven't altered it; I just unzipped it a little and pulled it down my shoulders to get the Elizabeth Woodville dress collar look. The collar fabric is just pinned into place so I can easily take it off and make it Tudor style again.

I got the yellow fabric free from a friend. I pretty much freehanded the shape, hemmed it, and used black fabric markers to imitate the pattern. The hennin was made from a basket + sewed on and hot glued cloth + fabric markers. The only way I've figured out how to keep it on my head is to first put on a Disney tiara, then position it on top of that.

The veil was actually a prop from a virtual production of Twelfth Night I was in a few months back (it's two tiered but I just turned it around and pinned it into place). I got a piece of thin white fabric that matched the portrait a bit more closely, but it ended up being too opaque to see any of the details on the hennin.

The longer necklace is from Treasuresforaqueen on Etsy. The shorter floral necklace is a pendant I commissioned from Aliciasoddities (she specializes in gorgeous metal flower pendants) hanging on a chain I already owned, which I've looped around and pulled tight (it's normally not a choker). #tudorcosplay #historicalcosplay

Henry VIII's Jousting Accident Probably Didn't Change his Personality

People citing this supposed jousting accident as changing Henry VIII into a tyrant is one of my PET peeves, y’all. It’s what everyone who knows just enough Tudor history to be dangerous and also WRONG cites. I originally wrote this as a long response to a comment referencing the accident on Ask Historians, but since I’m basically correcting someone with this entire thing, I won’t post a direct link to it. I’ll share it with you if you really want though.

Detail showing Henry VIII jousting in front of Katherine of Aragon, College of Arms (Westminster Tournament Roll), by Thomas Wriothesley, 1511

Detail showing Henry VIII jousting in front of Katherine of Aragon, College of Arms (Westminster Tournament Roll), by Thomas Wriothesley, 1511

So about that jousting accident. The story of that accident actually comes from only three sources of various trustworthiness. This accident isn't mentioned elsewhere, although you would think that an accident resulting in the king losing consciousness for a long period of time would have definitely been reported by many many people.

  • Eustace Chapuys, the famous ambassador of Charles V, reported in January 1536, "On the eve of the Conversion of St. Paul, the King being mounted on a great horse to run at the lists, both fell so heavily that every one thought it a miracle he was not killed, but he sustained no injury."

  • The English chronicler Charles Wriothesley wrote, " …it was said she [Anne] tooke a fright, for the King ranne that tyme at the ring and had a fall from his horse, but he had no hurt; and she tooke such a fright with all that it caused her to fall in travaile, and so was delivered afore her full tyme, which was a great discompfort to all this realme.”

  • In March 1536, Dr Pedro Ortiz, Charles V's ambassador in /Rome/ (not England), said "Has received a letter from the ambassador in France, dated 15 Feb....The French king said that the king of England had fallen from his horse, and been for two hours without speaking. “La Ana” was so upset that she miscarried of a son."

(Thanks to the brilliant Anne Boleyn files blog for compiling these sources so well - https://www.theanneboleynfiles.com/24-january-1536-serious-jousting-accident-henry-viii/ )

So as you can see, the sources in England at the time of the incident said that it was a very hard fall but that Henry VIII was in fact, not injured. Although Wriothesley might have glossed over an injury to the king's head, Chapuys certainly had a vested interest in conveying completely accurate information to the emperor - so we can trust that his reports of "no injury" are likely to be true. The only source that claimed that the king didn't speak for two hours after his accident was a man who had heard the information second or third hand and was in a completely different country at the time.

It does appear that this jousting accident was bad enough to burst an earlier leg ulcer, leaving him with lasting, constant pain in both of his legs for the rest of his life. This likely made him very cranky. But there is no sign that he actually suffered from any brain injury.

In addition, although people DO often cite this as the source of his "changing personality," in fact, there are actually numerous examples of Henry VIII’s brutality before 1536 as well.

Specific incidents indicating his brutality prior to this:

  • Shortly after taking the throne, Henry VIII executed Edmund Dudley and Sir Richard Empson for "constructive treason" in their financial dealings for the previous king, even though both men had just been doing the bidding of his father Henry VII.

  • He brought down Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, a man who essentially ran the country for him from 1515-1529, just because he couldn't convince the Pope to give him an annulment. Wolsey was stripped of his government office and all his property and was later arrested for treason, but became ill and died in November 1530 before he could be tried. He reputedly said " if I had served God as diligently as I have done the King, he would not have given me over in my grey hairs."

  • He had Thomas More, his former chancellor and a man who had worked closely with him since 1517, executed in 1535 for refusing to sign the Oath of Succession which repudiated the authority of the Pope (and outlined the new line of succession, which he did not object to).

  • He treated Catherine of Aragon, his companion of 21 years, shamefully for refusing to accept the invalidity of their marriage. After she was banished from court in the summer of 1531, Catherine was moved from estate to estate and forced to live in increasingly poor lodgings and with fewer and fewer servants. Her friends were not allowed to visit her and she was not allowed to see her daughter for the last 4-5 years of her life, even when Mary was very sick and when Catherine herself was actively dying in January 1536. Mary was also forbidden from attending her mother's funeral.

To claim that his personality changed significantly after this supposed jousting accident is to ignore these many examples of his tyrant like behavior beforehand.

Musical Monarchs and Music Distribution During Renaissance Times

Pictured with Will Sommers- Royal MS. 2 A XVI, Henry VIII’s Psalter, British Library-London.

Pictured with Will Sommers- Royal MS. 2 A XVI, Henry VIII’s Psalter, British Library-London.

Apparently I answer Tudor and Shakespeare questions in way too much depth on Reddit for fun now. I’ve had trouble writing or revising fiction since the pandemic and self-isolation began, but researching and writing about history calms me down in a way nothing else does. And AskHistorians on Reddit has a wonderful supply of various questions that haven’t been answered yet.

So here ya go.

Original source of the question, which had several parts, indicated in italics below.

Christian and Muslim playing lutes in a miniature from Cantigas de Santa Maria of Alfonso X

Christian and Muslim playing lutes in a miniature from Cantigas de Santa Maria of Alfonso X

Was composition an expected skill of a monarch?

Musical knowledge, at least, was an important part of every noble's education in late medieval and renaissance England; royal children would have been given private lessons in various instruments, singing, and musical theory from a fairly early age. All of the Tudors, in particular, were interested in music and were highly trained. There are numerous records of Henry VII and his wife Elizabeth of York purchasing musical instruments both for themselves and their children. Henry VIII's children Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward were all described as excellent musicians during their lives. Mary and Edward were proficient at the lute, while Elizabeth was apparently quite good at playing the virginals.

At least two of the King Henrys were definitely musical composers, as we have some of their surviving music!

-There are two pieces in the collections of the British Library attributed to "Roy Henry"; scholars now seem to think this author was actually Henry V.

-Henry VIII's love of music stood out even among all the music lovers of his family. He played numerous instruments - at one point, records of his property showed that he owned 78 flutes, 76 recorders, 10 trombones, 14 trumpets, and 5 bagpipes! We also know that he played the organ, other keyboard instruments, viols, and lutes.

p 161 of the Old Hall Manuscript, ~1410-1420

p 161 of the Old Hall Manuscript, ~1410-1420

The Henry VIII Songbook from ~1518.

The Henry VIII Songbook from ~1518.

"Twenty songs and thirteen instrumental pieces" attributed to "The Kynge H. viij" were compiled in the 1518 Henry VIII Songbook, which also included 76 pieces from other court musicians. Although some of the songs by Henry were arrangements of previously existing pieces, many of them are originals. 

However, despite popular belief, Henry VIII did NOT write Greensleeves, which was partly based off of a romanesca, an Italian style of musical composition that did not reach England until after Henry VIII's death. 

His daughter Elizabeth I was also a composer, although only one of her songs has survived to this day. This paper explores Henry and Elizabeth's compositions and musical education more in depth. 

Detail of the Ghent Altarpiece, Chapel Cathedral of Saint Bavo, Ghent, Belgium, Hubert and Jan Von Eyck

Detail of the Ghent Altarpiece, Chapel Cathedral of Saint Bavo, Ghent, Belgium, Hubert and Jan Von Eyck

What's more, how did the song become popular? Did the King simply compose it, order every musician to have a copy of the manuscript and play it a certain amount of times a week? How did compositions from the royal court reach the masses?

- Although Henry had at least 60 musicians on his staff when he died, he couldn't possibly have ordered every musician in the country to play it, and the fact that not of all his songs were big hits seems to support this. Based on the information I've already shared about the Henry VIII songbook, it seems likely that "Pastime with Good Company" was distributed around the country in written form. There are records indicating that it was actually popular in Scotland and even long after his death.

Finally, say I am at the median of medieval class society - your average joe - what would have been my likely interaction with this song, if any? Was music mostly an indulgence of the elites at that time?

Everything I've read and referenced throughout this answer so far indicates that music was popular at every level of society, although the level of musical education and the specific form of the music, of course, varied. While "Pastimes" may have been performed in Henry VIII's court by 60 musicians and a choir in four part harmony, it was also likely performed in villages and at fairs by solo minstrels accompanied only by a single instrument or small groups.

In addition, under Henry VIII, with further development of the printing press, more and more printers began to publish music, often in the form of single sheet broadsides that could be sold very cheaply.

 (SIDENOTE: jstor is now offering free accounts that allow you to read up to 100 articles a month, due to COVID-19 shutting down all the libraries. This makes me SO HAPPY)

These single sheets continued in popularity through to Elizabethan times, and even make an appearance in Shakespeare's "Winter's Tale," Act 4, Scene 4 - in which the con artist/minstrel Autolycus touts various ridiculous sounding ballads for sale at a local festival.

And even apart from the printing press, people regularly wrote down any songs they liked and passed them around, much as you might have written down song lyrics to songs you heard on the radio so you and your friends could sing them together later back in the 80s or earlier. :)

FINAL NOTE: The best thing I learned while researching this whole answer was that Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey had rival in-house choirs and had a competition to see who had the best one. When Cardinal Wolsey’s choir won, he wisely “gave” one of his best singers to the king for his choir.

Hope y’all enjoyed that!

Disney Crowns and Tiaras: Historical and Modern Inspirations (Part I)

Related Blog Posts:

I’m going through all the crowns and tiaras shown in Disney animated films, analyzing their historical inspirations, and comparing them to actual crowns and tiaras worn by royals around the world! I’m not definitively saying that these original crowns/tiaras WERE inspirations for those in the films, but am just looking for similarities. There are so many though, that I’m just going to try to talk about 5 or so in each post.

Today, I’m going to look at crowns and tiaras in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the various Alice in Wonderland films, the various Sleeping Beauty/Maleficent films, Robin Hood, and the Great Mouse Detective.

(L to R): Evil Queen , “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs” - 1937; Uta von Ballenstedt statue - ~1044; She Who Must be Obeyed, “She” - 1935; and Princess Kriemhild, “Die Nibelungen” - 1924.

Evil Queen (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, 1937) - Only one character in the first full-length Disney animated film wears a crown: The Evil Queen. She sports a spiky gold “open” crown, with only a single pearl at the top. Keep an eye out for this style of crown, because we’ll see variations on it many more times in other Disney movies.

The queen’s look was mostly inspired by a statue of Uta von Ballenstedt at the Naumburg Cathedral in Naumburg, Germany. Uta was supposedly the most beautiful woman in medieval Germany. Many elements of the queen’s costume, including her headcovering, high cape, facial expression, and large pendant necklace are drawn from this. The character known as She Who Must Be Obeyed in the 1935 film “She” also is a likely inspiration for Snow White’s queen. Her crown, however, though gold like Uta’s and tall like the character in “She,” looks to be more inspired by Princess Kriemhild in the 1924 silent film “Die Nibelungen.”

I only found one actual royal crown with large spikes on it- the Danish king Christian IV’s coronation crown, made in ~1595 (below left, on the top). It does look pretty similar to the Eastern crown (also known as the Antique crown) in heraldry, except for the taller central front spike and the pearl at the top (below left, on the bottom).

It does have some similarities to the Diamond Festoon Necklace Tiara as well! (below center)

The Evil Queen’s tiara is much simpler than any of these real crowns and appears to be just solid gold, with only a single pearl on the top. Although the crown was probably designed this way to make the animation easier, historically, relatively simple gem-less metal tiaras became popular in the mid-1700s and through to the Victorian age. These cut steel tiaras were a less expensive way for women to obtain sparkly jewelry when they couldn’t afford diamonds or other precious gems. These were still time-consuming and beautiful though, as they were specifically cut and carved to shimmer as a diamond would. You can see an example below right.

Dutch Diamond Festoon Necklace Tiara - 1889

Dutch Diamond Festoon Necklace Tiara - 1889

Swedish Cut Steel Bandeau - ~early 1800s

Swedish Cut Steel Bandeau - ~early 1800s
(Credit: Pascal Le Segretain / Wireimage)

Notes:

  • Quick Reminder:

    • Crown – A full circle headpiece with an emblematic function associated with sovereignty and nobility.

    • Tiara – An open semi-circular headpiece that usually does not encircle the head, but perches on the top. Worn by royal and noble women at white tie events, formal state occasions, and weddings.

  • Open crowns, without bands overhead, are the oldest crowns and leave the wearer’s head open to the sky. The vast majority of crowns in Disney animated films appear to be open. However, historically, closed crowns became the dominant design in sovereignty headgear in the middle ages and are the dominant type today.

  • Although the Evil Queen wears her crown throughout the movie (except when she’s disguised as an old woman), in real life, crowns would only be worn on special occasions, such as at coronations or upon other state occasions.

L to R: Queen of Hearts, “Alice in Wonderland” film - 1951; The Queen of Hearts, “Alice in Wonderland” book - 1865 (John Tenniel); Red Queen, “Alice in Wonderland” film - 2010; The Red Queen, “Through the Looking Glass” book -1871 (John Tenniel); and Elizabeth I - 1585 (portrait by Nicholas Hilliard).

L to R: The White Queen, “Alice in Wonderland” film - 2010; The White Queen, “Alice Through the Looking Glass” film - 2016; The White Queen, “Through the Looking Glass” book - 1871 (John Tenniel); and Elizabeth I, coronation portrait - 1559 (unknown artist).

Swedish Ducal Coronet

Swedish Ducal Coronet

The Queen of Hearts/Red Queen; The White Queen - All of the Queens in the Alice in Wonderland (both animated and live action) movies wear spiky crowns that are relatively small and sit on top of their head instead of encircling them. This reminds me a bit of a Swedish ducal coronet (right).

In the book “Alice in Wonderland” (1865), the Queen of Hearts is drawn as a playing card character and sports a gable hood rather than a crown. She’s actually a totally different character from the Red Queen, who appears along with the White Queen in the book “Through the Looking-Glass” (1871), but the characters are commonly confused or melded together like in the live-action film series. The red and white queen characters in the books are clearly based off of chess pieces, which explains the continued spiky crown theme.

What’s interesting is that both characters in the live action films have some similarities to Elizabeth I at different times in her life. The Red Queen’s red hair, the shape of her updo, and her use of white makeup all over her face is clearly based off of Elizabeth I’s later looks. However, the white queen’s pallor and long flowing locks have some similarities to the young Elizabeth I’s look at her coronation. Both queens’ costumes have some Tudor elements to them, but neither crown looks like the Tudor crown (shown in Elizabeth’s coronation portrait), apart from the general “perched on top of head” appearance.

Notes:

  • Coronet – Small crown generally worn by dukes and earls at coronations, and often worn by princes/princesses at formal events. These are standardized for various peers, with different designs for each rank (e.g., Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, Baron).

L to R: King Stefan and Queen Leah, “Sleeping Beauty” - 1959; Crown of Scotland (sans cap); King Stefan, “Maleficent” - 2014; Queen Leila, “Maleficent” - 2014; Stéphanie de Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden's pearl-and-diamond tiara - 1830.

King Stefan (1959) and Queen Leah (1959) - Both of these crowns resemble the crown of Scotland without its velvet cap, minus the top arches.

King Stefan (2014) - This crown is very similar to the Swedish Ducal Coronet I talked about previously under the Red Queen/White Queen section, only larger, fitting around his entire head instead of perching on top like with the Alice Queens.

Queen Leila (2014) The shape of her crown reminds me of the pearl-and-diamond tiara of Stéphanie de Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden, made circa 1830.

L to R: Princess Aurora, “Sleeping Beauty” -1959; the Braganza Tiara - 1829, Queen Rania’s diamond tiara (Credit: Tim Graham Picture Library / Getty), King Hubert, “Sleeping Beauty” - 1959; and the crown of Boleslaw I the Brave (replica made in 2001-2003 after originals were lost after 1036 and 1794).

Aurora (1959) - I couldn’t find any plain gold tiaras in this shape, but I did find a few modern silver and diamond that resemble it, such as the Braganza Tiara and Queen Rania’s Diamond Tiara.

King Hubert - I haven’t seen many crowns like this that don’t have arches but DO have a cap, but I DID find this one from the Polish crown jewels, which has arches but they’re so low to the cap that you can only see them from certain angles - The Crown of Bolesław I the Brave, which was the coronation crown of the Polish monarchs.

Queen Ingrith, “Maleficent: Mistress of All Evil” - 2019

Queen Ingrith, “Maleficent: Mistress of All Evil” - 2019

L to R: King John and Queen Ingrith, “Maleficent: Mistress of All Evil” - 2019; George IV State Diadem -1820 (Credit: Royal Collection Trust); Aurora, “Maleficent: Mistress of All Evil” - 2019; Danish Ruby Parure Tiara ; Queen Ingrith, “Maleficent: Mistress of All Evil” - 2019; and the Spencer Honeysuckle Tiara - ~1858 .

King John and Queen Ingrith’s crowns both resemble the George IV State Diadem in their shape, color, and overall sparkliness.

Aurora’s gold vine crown bears a resemblance to the Danish ruby parure tiara.

Queen Ingrith’s silver tiara looks like the Spencer Honeysuckle Tiara in height and overall shape.

Queen Ingrith’s tall, thin tiara shares a lot in common with the tall small crowns worn by the red and white queens in Alice in Wonderland (as discussed earlier).

I’ve actually never seen Maleficent: Mistress of Evil, and now I really want to, if only to figure out why Queen Ingrith gets to wear three different crowns throughout it all!

L to R: Prince John, “Robin Hood” - 1973; King John of England’s tomb effigy; portrait of King John; King Richard, “Robin Hood” - 1973; Richard I’s tomb effigy; and Richard I .

Since the stories of Robin Hood include the historical figures Prince John (later King John I) and King Richard I as characters, we can actually look at portraits of them to see how similar the film’s crowns are to their historical counterparts’ crowns. Richard, of course, was known as Richard the Lion-Heart, so both he and Prince John are portrayed as lions.

The crown in Robin Hood appears to be a simplified form of the medieval crown used by King John and Richard I, as seen in their tomb effigies and portraits above. The animated and historical versions all appear to be gold, open crowns with alternating colors and sizes of gemstones, although the animated version has a much more simplified crenelation decoration than the fleur-des-lys/cross like decorations on the historical ones.

I’m fairly sure that the crown or crowns depicted (they LOOK awfully similar, don’t they?) are wearing their state crowns, the “working” crowns of monarchs that they wore regularly, rather than the coronation regalia, which was generally far older, heavier, and more valuable. Although the crown of St. Edward, the traditional coronation regalia for English kings, existed at the time of their reigns, Edward the Confessor wasn’t actually made a saint until 1161, and we don’t actually have any records that his crown was used again before Henry III’s in 1220. Both King Richard and King John reigned before than, from 1189-1199 and 1199-1216 respectively, so it seems likely that they were using different crowns. In addition, written records describing St. Edward’s crown describe it as having arches, while the crown seen in these effigies and paintings is clearly open and without arches.

The Mouse Queen, “The Great Mouse Detective” - 1986; Queen Victoria - 1882 (photographer Alexander Bassano); Queen Victoria’s small diamond crown - 1870 (Credit: Royal Collection Trust); and the Imperial State Crown - 1932 (Credit: Royal Collection Trust).

The mouse queen in “The Great Mouse Detective” is clearly an homage to Queen Victoria, as the character appears to have a similar age, shape, and dress to the real life Victoria. Her small crown worn over a veil is the biggest giveaway, as Victoria herself wore such a miniature crown over her widow’s cap following the death of her husband Prince Albert. After Albert died in 1861, the Queen withdrew from public life. Though she eventually came back into the public view in 1870, she refused to wear the imperial state crown again, partly due to its weight and partly because she could not have worn it over her widow’s cap. The miniature imperial crown was created as a substitute. Victoria continued to wear black and white “widow’s weeds” until he death in 1901.

The mouse queen’s crown does appear to have a velvet cap and at least one gemstone in the base that aren’t visible in Victoria’s crown. Though I haven’t seen a crown /exactly/ like the mouse queen’s, it does appear to borrow some inspiration from the Imperial State Crown of the UK, which has a similar velvet cap and prominent gemstone in its base.

That’s it for now! I have many many many more crowns and tiaras to talk about in the future. :) These posts are very fun but oh man, they take a long time. Thanks for reading everyone!

Did Henry VIII Ever Pull a "Cask of Amontillado" ?

(If you don’t understand the reference, go read Edgar Allen Poe’s “The Cask of Amontillado”)

Apparently I answer Tudor and Shakespeare questions in way too much depth on Reddit for fun now. I’ve had trouble writing or revising fiction since the pandemic and self-isolation began, but researching and writing about history calms me down in a way nothing else does. And AskHistorians on Reddit has a wonderful supply of various questions that haven’t been answered yet.

This one was a particularly out of left field one but I had fun figuring out how to answer it!

So here ya go.

Original Question on r/AskHistorians - Is there any evidence of Henry VIII walling his enemies in buildings?

I've never heard of any English monarch pulling a "Cask of Amontillado" before, and I've been obsessively reading about English history between 1400-1620s for several years now. I dug into this a bit more to see if I could find an answer, but I could not find any sources that indicate that there have been any bodies buried in walls in England. However, as we all know, just because there isn't a source saying it DID happen, doesn't mean it definitely /didn't/ happen.

Human bodies are commonly found buried all around London and England in general, but honestly, that's true of most cities with at least a couple hundred years of history under their belts. It's just something that happens when a place has a very long history dating back before modern regulations on where bodies can be buried. If a house was unknowingly built on top of a burial site, the bodies may be found in the cellar You can read more about that in Smithsonian Magazine here: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/dead-beneath-londons-streets-180970385/

I think it's very unlikely that Henry VIII in particular would have engaged in this practice though, for a few specific reasons:

Woodblock by Michael Wolgemut (1434 – 1519) of A Danse Macabre.

Woodblock by Michael Wolgemut (1434 – 1519) of A Danse Macabre.

-Henry VIII was quite notoriously terrified of illness and sickness, and specifically the Sweating Sickness, likely due to his brother Arthur's death from it in 1502 ( https://www.history.com/news/the-mysterious-epidemic-that-terrified-henry-viii ). He studied medicine and tried to make his own potions to protect him against disease. (http://cms.herbalgram.org/herbalgram/issue42/article546.html?ts=1586114679&signature=51f561c9c7014194d1a849cdaac3de68 ) He also founded the Royal College of Physicians in 1518, made improvements to England's public health services, and ushered in legislation regulating the licensing of medical practitioners (Source: Publishing and Medicine in Early Modern England, by Elizabeth Lane Furdell).

At the time, the miasma theory was one of the dominant theories of disease, which basically said that bad smells cause disease ( http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/miasmatheory ); decaying corpses, rumor has it, smell pretty foul. Given his obsession with medicine and health, not just for himself, but also for his people, it seems unlikely that Henry would have approved of interring a body into the walls of any building or structure in England.

- He also was a very religious man, who heard mass 3-5 times a day and even wrote a theological argument against some of the teachings of Luther in 1521 ( https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/rulers/henry-viii.html ). There were numerous religious rites around death and dying, which require last rites, funeral rites, a vigil for the deceased, and ceremonies by the graveside. Thus, it also seems unlikely that a religious man like Henry VIII would have approved of such mistreatment of a body after death.

"How Accurate Were Shakespeare's Histories?"

Lithograph depicting a scene from Henry V.

Lithograph depicting a scene from Henry V.

Apparently I answer Tudor and Shakespeare questions in way too much depth on Reddit for fun now. I’ve had trouble writing or revising fiction since the pandemic and self-isolation began, but researching and writing about history calms me down in a way nothing else does. And AskHistorians on Reddit has a wonderful supply of various questions that haven’t been answered yet.

So here ya go.

Original source of the question

“How accurate were Shakespeare’s histories?”

Shakespeare's English history plays were based on a variety of historical sources, so he made /some/ attempt at having /some details/ correct, but he certainly also embellished some facts and highly simplified or deleted other facts to increase drama and simplify plot. His sources themselves were often very biased toward a version of history that supported Tudor legitimacy (although I'm unclear on whether that bias was widely known in Shakespeare's time or not). He also definitely shaded some facts and characters one way or another in order to keep the political leaders and censors of his time happy.

Important Sources for Shakespeare:

Basically every English history play - Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1587 - 2nd edition) - This was a highly dramatized version of English history that is apparently just really inaccurate in a lot of places. I really need to read it someday. [also a source for Macbeth and King Lear]

Richard III - Thomas More's History of King Richard the Thirde (1513) - More's portrayal of Richard III as deformed, to the point of causing his mother a particularly troublesome birth, is probably the most famous bit that Shakespeare took from that source. In actuality, though Richard III's skeleton showed that though he had significant scoliosis and likely had visibly uneven shoulders, he wouldn't have had a hunchback.

Simplification -

Shakespeare HIGHLY simplified a lot of the events of the Wars of the Roses in his Henry VI Parts II and III. And honestly....you can't really blame him. I made a simplified timeline of the main events of the Wars of the Roses in November and it's still incredibly complicated (and honestly, it took forever). You can see it on my blog here - https://www.rachaeldickzen.com/blog/2019/11/11/the-wars-of-the-roses-a-timeline-of-main-events

Examples:

- In Henry VI Part 3, as soon as the Earl of Warwick discovers that his protege Edward IV had secretly married Lady Grey (Elizabeth Woodville) while Warwick is off trying to organize a French alliance and marriage for Edward IV, he joins forces with Margaret of Anjou, marries his daughter Anne to her son Edward, and frees Henry VII. This all happens in the space of two acts.

IN ACTUALITY, Edward married Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, but Warwick didn't rebel against Edward IV until April 1469 (rebellion #1). He joined forces with Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence, and actually captured Edward IV, but eventually released him when it became clear that Parliament wouldn't cooperate with his plan to rule the country through Edward. He and George/Clarence rebelled AGAIN in July 1470 (rebellion #2), but this one didn’t go so well and their plan quickly falls apart. Warwick flees to France, plots with Margaret of Anjou (rebellion #3), marries his daughter to her son Edward, and goes back to England in October 1470 to put Henry VI back on the throne.

I mean. It's easy to understand why Shakespeare cut out a few rebellions there, just for the sake of time and to keep things from being super confusing.

Richard III portrays Richard marrying Anne Neville immediately before the death of his brother Edward IV and becoming king not too long after. In actuality, Richard and Anne married in spring 1472, Edward IV didn't die until April 1483, and Richard III didn't become king until July 1483.

"Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens" after the original 1910 fresco painting by Henry Albert Payne (British, 1868-1940) based upon a scene in Shakespeare's Henry VI.

"Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens" after the original 1910 fresco painting by Henry Albert Payne (British, 1868-1940) based upon a scene in Shakespeare's Henry VI.

Dramatic alterations:

Various examples:

Henry IV Part 1 - Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur) is portrayed as a young man the same age as Prince Hal, but in reality, Hotspur was actually three years older than Hal's dad Henry IV. This increases drama by placing pressure on Hal to behave more like the ambitious leader Hotspur.

Henry V - In the play, it's stated that the English had fewer than 30 casualities while the French had 10,000! In actuality, about 112-600 of the English and about 6,000 of the French were killed.

- Henry VI Part 1 - The famed "roses" of the Wars of the Roses are a bit of a Tudor invention, which Shakespeare expanded on. Although the Yorks did use the white rose as a symbol from early on in the conflict, the Lancastrian red rose wasn't used until after Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth. These two roses were combined to form the "Tudor Rose," a symbol of the unity of the two houses.

In addition, it also just isn't accurate to imagine that only one symbol was used by each noble family. Just among the York brothers alone, in addition to the white rose, Edward IV used the sun in splendor, a falcon, a black dragon, and a white lion (among several others), while Richard used a white boar and "a white falcon with a virgin's face holding a white rose." But again, portraying that in a play would make things very confusing (and Shakespeare’s histories are already confusing enough when it comes to names, since he often refers to characters by their titles, which often change!).

Henry VI Part 2 - Richard of Gloucester (the eventual Richard III), and his brother Edward (eventual Edward IV) are both portrayed as adults at the time of the first battle of St. Albans. Historically, Richard was only 3 years old and Edward was only 13 when this battle occurred.

- In addition, a TON of the events in Richard III are inserted for dramatic effect. There is zero evidence that Richard killed his wife Anne (she probably died of tuberculosis), and he definitely didn't seduce her at the funeral for her father-in-law Henry VI. Henry VI died in May 1471 and Anne and Richard didn't marry until the spring of 1472. There's also good evidence that Richard and Anne actually really had a lovely romance; he was determined to marry her and may have rescued her from his brother Clarence's attempts to hide her away. Anne and Richard were crowned in the first joint coronation in almost 200 years. But this doesn’t suit the Tudor propaganda need to portray Richard as a villain.

George Duke of Clarence is portrayed very sympathetically in Richard III, but in reality, he was kind of a jerk who rebelled against his own brother 2-3 times and continually tried to start up trouble. The play also shows Clarence being murdered by Richard's (hilarious) henchmen, but in actuality, Clarence was put on trial for treason, and privately executed on the order of his brother Edward IV.

The disappearance of the Princes in the Tower was blamed on Richard III at the time, but there's no actual evidence connecting him (or really anyone) to their deaths.

Propaganda Elements:

Shakespeare was writing and producing plays under Queen Elizabeth I and King James I, only a few generations away from the intense violence of the Wars of the Roses, so obviously, he needed to represent Elizabeth's famous ancestors as being on the right side of history. Even after her death, Elizabeth I remained incredibly popular with the people, so Shakespeare had to be careful with portrayals of her ancestors and lineage.

richard+iii+lithograph.jpg

Henry VIII is perhaps the best example of Tudor propaganda. This play covers Henry VIII's break from Catherine of Aragon and joining with Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth's mother) and covers the downfall of Cardinal Wolsey, but strategically ends right at Elizabeth's birth and doesn't discuss, oh, Anne's downfall and beheading, or Henry's four other wives. The play is remarkably stilted and boring compared to all of Shakespeare's other plays, likely because he felt inhibited by the restrictions and expectations of the time (in fact, plenty of people have speculated that Shakespeare didn't write Henry VIII or wrote it with a co-writer because it's so different from his other plays). The play also ends with huge adulation of the baby elizabeth and what a blessing she will be upon her people; as the second daughter of the king who already had a bastard son (Henry Fitzroy) he was in the process of making legitimate, she was not expected to inherit at her birth so this is just obvious propaganda here.

Tudor propaganda elements are also obvious in Richard II, in which John of Gaunt is portrayed very differently than he is in Holinshed's Chronicles, Shakespeare’s primary sources for his histories. Holinshed didn't portray Gaunt in a terribly flattering way, but in Richard II, he's the wisest, most reasonable, and most patriotic character in the play. This is likely because Queen Elizabeth traced her lineage directly back to John of Gaunt. (Gaunt's characterization in the play is much closer to his portrayal in Froissart's Chronicles.)

Richard II is also an interesting play to look at, as it portrays the rebellion against and downfall of a king, who was believed to be divinely anointed by god as the country's leader. That's not the type of idea you want to put in your subjects' heads (The deposition scene in the play is missing from most printed editions of the play until the fourth quarto, well into the reign of James I). But the play is written to make it very clear that Elizabeth's own ancestors disagreed with the rebellion. It's an interesting tightrope to walk- as the next few history plays basically emphasize how awesome Henry IV and Henry V are, and just sort of strategically ignore that the only reason they were in power was because of Henry Bolingbroke's rebellion against the rightful king.

Richard III is portrayed as an outright villain in Shakespeare's histories for propaganda reasons as well. Queen Elizabeth's grandfather Henry VII killed Richard on the battlefield at Bosworth and took his crown by right of conquest. Since this was again, a divinely anointed sovereign, Tudor writers really wanted to portray Richard III as just the WORST of the worst to justify the Tudors' actions in overthrowing him. The Tudors' claim to the English throne was not terribly strong, so this propaganda against Richard III was also necessary to increase their own legitimacy.

The Historical Inspirations in Game of Thrones

Plenty of people have written about the parallels between Game of Thrones and the Wars of the Roses before, but I’ve always been interested in how even the small details of the show align with history in some instances. I’ve talked about this numerous times with other English history friends and many of these examples come from those conversations. Many thanks to Leigh Beck for being my constant game of thrones history buddy!

Honestly, because there’s SO much, I’m going to keep adding to this post over many days and weeks, whenever I can. :)

westeros and essos.jpg

A map of the Westeros and Essos in Games of Thrones

Overarching World-Building, Character, and Historical Things:

  • Westeros and Essos : England and Europe. Though Westeros is significantly larger than England, you can still see the similarities when you look at the maps side by side. Essos/Europe are both much larger than Westeros/England, and is where rival claimants (like Henry Tudor and Daenarys Targaryn) go to the throne to hide from the Westerosi/English king’s reach.

Hadrian’s Wall

Hadrian’s Wall (Credit: Gannet77 / iStock)

The Wall in HBO’s Game of Thrones

The Wall in HBO’s Game of Thrones

  • The Wall : Hadrian’s Wall. In Game of Thrones, the Wall runs for 300 miles along the northern border of the Seven Kingdoms from the sea on the west to the Bay of Seals and separates the realm from the domain of the wildlings who live beyond. In the story, it was constructed some eight millennia before. Historically, Hadrian’s wall was built by the Romans in AD 122 (so - ancient times) and runs for 73 miles, from sea to sea.

Hadrian’s Wall on a map of England.

Hadrian’s Wall on a map of England.

The Wall on a map of Westeros

The Wall on a map of Westeros from Game of Thrones

  • Tywin Lannister : the Earl of Warwick, the Kingmaker. The way he married off his daughter Cersei to the new king he put on the throne, Robert Baratheon, closely parallels the way Warwick married off first his daughter Isabel to George, Duke of Clarence (Edward IV’s brother) when he tried to put him on the throne, and then his daughter Anne to Edward, Prince of Wales (the son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou), when he put Henry VI back on the throne.

Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (The Kingmaker)

Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick (The Kingmaker)

Tywin Lannister in the TV series

Tywin Lannister in the TV series

  • Jaime Lannister : Richard, Duke of York (in one context) - In the books, it’s described that during Robert’s rebellion, after Jaime killed Aerys Targaryen (for reasons not revealed until the Season 3 episode “Kissed by Fire), he sat on the iron throne. That’s how Ned Stark found him when he arrived at the castle. The Very Honorable Ned was appalled, because 1) Jaime had broken his oath to protect the Mad King and had killed him instead, and 2) Jaime had no right to sit on the throne. Though there’s no evidence that Jaime intended to claim the throne, that’s the message his actions sent.
    This can be seen as a parallel to a specific incident during the Wars of the Roses. In October 1460, after 5 years of on and off battles and political squabbling between the Lancasters and the Yorks, Richard, Duke of York (Edward IV’s dad) arrived in London and took residence at the royal palace. He entered Parliament with his sword borne upright before him (an honor usually only accorded to kings) and placed his hand upon the empty throne, as if he were to sit in it and occupy it. The assembled peers were dead quiet and clearly did not agree with his claim to the throne (for a long time, the Wars of the Roses were about making sure Henry VI was advised by the right people and didn’t focus on deposing him at all). This demonstrated that York would not be supported in his claim to the throne at that time, so instead, he negotiated a truce in which York and his heirs would be recognized as Henry’s successors. The temporary peace that resulted from this agreement only lasted a few months, and within the year, the Duke of York and his eldest son were killed. The death of York, who was extremely popular with the common people, was a huge turning point for the Wars; within a few weeks of his death, his eldest surviving son was named Edward IV.

Lady Mary Grey

Lady Mary Grey

A rendition of Tyrion Lannister as described in the books, by Jerg Ruber on Deviantart.

A rendition of Tyrion Lannister as described in the books, by Jerg Ruber on Deviantart.

Tyrion Lannister in the TV show (Peter Dinklage)

Tyrion Lannister in the TV show (Peter Dinklage)

  • Tyrion Lannister : Mary Grey - Tyrion is the youngest child of a very important family in the kingdom and is referred to throughout the books as a dwarf. Mary Grey (1545-1578) was the youngest child of the Greys, who had a claim to the English throne (her sister Jane Grey was the “8 days queen”), and was also likely a little person. Mary was described by a Spanish ambassador as “by the Spanish ambassador as “little crook-backed, and very ugly.” Similarly, although Tyrion is very handsome in the TV show (because Peter Dinklage is GORGEOUS) , in the books he’s portrayed as significantly less so. This picture from Deviantart portrays book Tyrion really well.

    In the books and TV show, it’s related that Tyrion once impulsively married a commoner woman named Tysha in secret; his father punished both him and the woman rather severely for it. Although Mary’s older sister Katherine Grey had married in secret and been fiercely punished for it by Elizabeth I (who didn’t want anyone in line to the throne to get married without her approval, which she was unlikely to give), Mary herself eloped with the Queen’s sergeant porter Thomas Keyes. Keyes was only minor gentry, while Mary was in one of the highest ranking families in the country, and he already had 6-7 children. He also apparently was about 6 feet 8 inches tall! Once the Queen found out about the wedding, Mary was put under house arrest and Keyes was committed to the notorious Fleet prison. They never saw each other again.

  • Aerys Targaryen : Henry VI - Decent parallel for Henry VI, the Mad King whose madness started the war over the throne to begin with, although Henry VI was a very pious man whose "madness" took the form of basically being catatonic for several months, while Aegon liked burning and torturing people randomly.

Edward IV

Edward IV

Robert Baratheon in the TV show

Robert Baratheon in the TV show

  • Robert Baratheon : Edward IV, a young, promiscuous man who leads a rebellion and takes over a kingdom from the mad king.
    He and his two brothers Stannis and Renly are a good parallel for the three sons of York- Edward, George, and Richard. Renly's marriage to Margaery Tyrell (the daughter of a very powerful and rich house) can be seen as a reference to George marrying Isabel Neville right before rebelling against his brother Edward.
    Stannis and Renly revolt against Joffrey partly over fears that he's a bastard. There were many rumors that Edward IV was a bastard, a result of his mother's supposed affair with an archer. In addition, Edward IV’s children with Elizabeth Woodville were declared bastards due to their father’s supposed previous marriage to another woman, giving legitimacy to Richard III’s claim to the throne.

  • The Old Gods of the Forest : Celtic polytheism

  • The Faith of the Seven : Roman Catholicism - Though the faith of the seven is described as polytheistic, while Christianity is monotheistic, the concept of the Trinity is a good parallel to the faith of the seven. Both religions have traditional places of worship with elaborate architecture and decoration, specific religious ceremonies to recognize marriages and births, a supreme religious leader believed to have a a special connection to god (pope/high septon), a holy book, hymns and a specific liturgy, ceremonial garb. They also both unfortunately feature often corrupt priests.

  • The Lord of Light : Zoroastrianism

Season 1 Plots and Details:

  • Cersei : Anne Neville, daughter of the kingmaker who ends up becoming queen herself

    But also, Cersei : Margaret of Anjou, smarter and fiercer than her husband, ends up leading battles and killing lots of people for the rights of her son (who was portrayed as being rather sadistic in at least some fictionalized versions of history I've read, which are often based on at least rumor)

    Cersei: Elizabeth Woodville, the wife of the Edward IV analogue, from a social climbing family, very close to her brother. A powerful adversary who is fiercely protective of her children (even though they are accused of being illegitimate). In this metaphor, Tyrion is the Richard III character she sees threatening her children.

    Finally, Cersei : Anne Boleyn - Her affair with her brother can be compared to the conviction of Anne Boleyn for incest with her brother (which was almost certainly 100% made up by her enemies).

  • Renly Baratheon: George, Duke of Clarence - Both Renly and George, Duke of Clarence thinks they should be king, just because. Both have to be put to death by his brother for the sake of the realm (Clarence was executed by Edward IV after he’d rebelled against him a few times, accused the queen of witchcraft, and hired a sorcerer to foretell the king’s death, which was highly illegal).

  • Toward the end of season 1, Renly offers to give Ned men so they can take Joffrey away from Cersei ASAP before Robert dies. This is similar to how Richard III took Edward V away from his mother's family after the death of his father Edward IV. Most of the time when there was an underage monarch suddenly on the throne there would be a major power struggle and often one of the leading players would be the new king’s mother. Elizabeth Woodville/Edward V and Margaret Tudor/James V of Scotland come to mind.
    This situation is exactly what Henry VIII was trying to prevent when he chose not to appoint a lord protector for Edward VI but instead had a whole Council of Regents...and that lasted all of 6 seconds before there was THE FIRST coup to be Edward's regent. My advice is to always get the king in your possession ASAP. If you have the child King under your control then you're all set. Ned failed and paid dearly for it.

Magaret of Anjou and her son Edward, Prince of Wales

Magaret of Anjou and her son Edward, Prince of Wales

Cersei and her son, King Joffrey

Cersei and her son, King Joffrey in Game of Thrones

  • Joffrey : Edward, Prince of Wales (son of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou) - After the second battle of St. Albans in 1461, Cersei had the two Yorkist men who had guarded her husband Henry VI throughout the battle executed (although the king had promised them immunity). It has been alleged that she had her son, who was then 8 years old, decide what to do with the men; he replied that they should be decapitated.
    Similarly, Cersei had her son Joffrey (who became king at 12 in the books and 16-ish in the TV show) decide what to do with Ned Stark after Ned confessed to treason and acknowledged Joffrey as the true king. Although Cersei wanted him to spare Ned’s life, Joffrey ordered him decapitated.

  • Ned Stark : Richard of York - Just as Ned Stark was killed by an angry queen and her young son, Richard, Duke of York, was beheaded by the forces of Margaret of Anjou, who was fighting to keep her son in line to the throne (a previous peace between the Yorks and Lancasters had been negotiated by having Henry VI name Richard of York his heir). Both Ned’s and Richard’s heads were displayed on a gate or wall after their executions.

Season 2 Plots and Details:

The Red Comet seen in the tv series.

The Red Comet seen in the tv series.

A total solar eclipse.

A total solar eclipse.

The Parhelion over the battle of Mortimer’s Cross

The Parhelion over the battle of Mortimer’s Cross

  • Red Comet : Solar Eclipse - In Season 2 of the TV show and the second book, a red comet appeared in the sky around the time of Ned Stark’s execution and the hatching of Daenarys Targaryen’s dragons. This comet was seen by all of the viewpoint characters, scattered across two continents, and was described and interpreted differently by all of them.
    Historically, a full solar eclipse occurred on the day that Anne Neville, Richard III’s queen died. It was considered a bad portent for Richard’s reign and he lost at the Battle of Bosworth a few months later.
    Another astrological phenomenon known as a parhelion, in which three suns appear in the sky, also occurred immediately before the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross in 1461. Edward, Earl of Rutland, the future Edward IV, convinced his troops that it was a good sign for their cause.

Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville

Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville

Robb Stark and Talisa Maegyr

Robb Stark and Talisa Maegyr in Game of Thrones

  • Robb Stark : Edward IV - The son of an executed powerful man (Ned Stark/Richard, Duke of York) young claimant who everyone underestimates until he wins all his battles. Both Robb and Edward IV also went against their planned marriage to marry an unplanned, unsuitable match for love (Edward IV marries Elizabeth Woodville even though Warwick was trying to arrange him a marriage with a princess of France, Robb marries Talisa in the TV show for love and Jeyne Westerling in the books for honor even though he was already promised to wed one of Walder Frey’s daughters).

Henry VII (Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond)

Henry VII (Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond)

Daenarys Targaryen

Daenarys Targaryen in Game of Thrones

  • Daenarys Targareyn : Henry Tudor/Henry VII. The last of her line after the death of her brother, both of them were raised to believe they were the rightful heirs to the throne. Interestingly enough, both Daenarys and Henry used dragons as their sigils; Dany because of her family’s history with actual dragons, and Henry because of his roots in Wales. In addition, just as historically, numerous people fleeing from Richard III joined with Henry Tudor over the sea, several men who left Westeros joined with Dany to help her get the throne.
    But also Daenarys Targareyn : Elizabeth I - One of the first female claimants to the throne, someone no one expected to get to the throne, and also a woman incapable of or unwilling to have children, making succession discussions a touchy subject!

Season 3 Plots and Details:

  • Theon Greyjoy : Henry Tudor -Theon, the heir of a known rebel, was raised in the house of his family’s enemies, The Starks, as one of their own. Similarly, Henry Tudor, the Lancaster heir, was raised by the Yorkist Herberts as part of their family for about 8 or so years after his uncle/guardian Jasper Tudor fought against the Yorks.

“The Princes in the Tower”(Edward V, King of England, and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York)

“The Princes in the Tower”(Edward V, King of England, and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York)

Bran and Rickon Stark in the TV show

Bran and Rickon Stark in the TV show

  • Bran and Rickon Stark : Princes in the Tower (Edward V, King of England, and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York) - Both Bran and Rickon and the “Princes in the Tower” were boys of renowned families whose very existence proved a threat to others who wanted their families’ power. Bran and Rickon escaped Winterfell when Theon and the Ironborn captured it; Theon burned the bodies of two commoner boys and showed them to the people.
    “The Princes in the Tower” is actually a bit of a misnomer, as Edward V had been acknowledged as king by numerous peers and nobles when he was placed in the Tower of London; in fact, his placement there confirmed this, as it was traditional for monarchs to spend the night before their coronations at the Tower. It was only after both he and his brother were lodged in the tower that their uncle, the Lord Protector, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, had them declared illegitimate. Edward entered the Tower in May 1483 and was joined by his younger brother in June. A week or so later, they were declared illegitimate and their uncle Richard was crowned King Richard III in July. There are no recorded sightings of either of them after the summer of 1483; an attempt to rescue them in late July failed. It became widely assumed that Richard III had had his nephews killed, which turned many people against him and played a large role in his downfall a few years later. However, it seems unlikely that this was the case, as their mother Elizabeth Woodville eventually came out of sanctuary (almost a year later, in March 1484) and sent her daughters to live at court with Richard III; it is unlikely that she would have agreed to this if she actually believed that Richard killed her sons. Their fate is still a mystery.

Season 4

  • Tommen : Henry VIII - the much younger brother of the previous heir to the throne who married his brother’s widow (Catherine of Aragon/Margaery Tyrell).

  • Tywin Lannister : the Earl of Warwick, the Kingmaker - Rounding back to this theme from earlier, Warwick died in battle with Edward IV, with whom he was very close and who he put on the throne, after betraying him by rebelling against his rule (twice). Tywin was killed by his son Tyrion, after betraying him by sentencing him to death for the murder of Joffrey (which he didn’t commit) and sleeping with Tyrion’s beloved lover Shae.

Season 5

  • Tommen : Edward VI, child king who brings in a new harsher form of religion. In Tommen’s case, this was the Sparrows. In Edward VI’s case, it was a conservative form of Protestantism. Both religions were led by persuasive, dynamic figures who removed a lot of the pomp and decorations from the previous religion and sought to get rid of corruption in the religious leaders.

Edward VI

Edward VI

Tommen Baratheon in the TV series

Tommen Baratheon in the TV series

  • Margaery Tyrell : Anne Boleyn - Her closeness to her brother and tolerance for his sexual habits (considered abnormal by the church) could be compared to Anne Boleyn's closeness with her brother George, with whom she was falsely convicted of committing incest. Margaery too, was punished for her closeness with her brother, in her case, knowing about his homosexuality and not reporting it to anyone.
    The yellow rose of Tyrell : the white rose of York likely (the red rose of Lancaster wasn't really used much contemporaneously, although they did occasionally use a golden rose apparently).

Richard III

Richard III

Stannis Baratheon in the TV show

Stannis Baratheon in the TV show

  • Stannis Baratheon : Richard III - Both men believe that they are the rightful heirs after their deaths of their brothers (Robert Baratheon/Edward IV), as the royal children are/are supposedly illegitimate. Both men were supported by lots of people until the murder/disappearance of a child (princess sheeren/ the princes in the tower, although I should note that no one knows what happens to the princes in the tower). Both were very religious and devout and loyal - up to a point.

The Ladies in Waiting of Six: Historical Inspirations and Costumes

All My Six Posts!
Over-Analyzing All the Historical References in Six- “Ex Wives,” “No Way,” “Don’t Lose Your Head“Heart of Stone” “Haus of Holbein” “Get Down
The Tudor Crown Inspiration in Six’s Logo; The Tudor Fashion Elements of the Costumes in Six (with Painting References)
Six the Musical Wives 1-3: Historical and Modern Costume Inspirations; Six the Musical Wives 4-6: Historical and Modern Costume Inspirations
The Ladies in Waiting of Six: Historical Inspirations and Costumes; Details from Six Costumer Gabriella Slade’s Instagram Takeover
The Early Costumes of Six the Musical: From Edinburgh to Cambridge to London
Updated Six the Musical Costumes for Broadway!; The Shoes of Six the Musical
The Alternate Costumes of Six the Musical; How the Six Alternates Change Their Styling for Each Queen
Virtual Dance Workshops and Q&As with Different Six Cast Members!

One of the coolest things I’ve learned about Six is that not only is the entire CAST of each show all female, the backing band is all female too! Each musician is named for a real lady in waiting to one of the queens of Henry VIII. The only queen who doesn’t have a historical lady in waiting represented in the band is Catherine Parr.

First off, what’s a lady in waiting anyway? Each royal lady of the Tudor court were served by numerous attendants and servants. Although most members of a Queen’s household would be male, those who served her personally or kept her company were always women.

Painting from History Extra

Painting from History Extra

The Ladies in Waiting of Six, West End cast.

The Ladies in Waiting of Six, West End cast.

In Tudor times, the Queen would basically never be alone; she must always be accompanied by noble ladies, day and night. Even at night, if the Queen wasn’t actually spending the night with the King (royal couples kept separate bedrooms in those days), she would likely have someone sleeping in the bed next to her.

Ladies-in-waiting (also known as “ladies-of-honor”) were married noble women who held the highest rank in the Queen’s household. These women often were married to the King’s own personal attendants. These ladies accompanied the Queen both privately and in public, at various ceremonial or casual occasions. They were all expected to be excellent dancers, singers, musicians, and needed to be proficient at whatever other games or past times the Queen was interested in. Although the Queen might choose her own ladies, often times, the King actually chose them, as a favor to a friend or because of his own interest in the woman. They spent long periods at court and were expected to put their positions before their own families.

Next in rank were the maids-of-honor, who were unmarried well-born women, generally young girls age 16 or older. It was a great honor to be asked to serve the Queen or Princess in such a fashion. It was very common practice for nobles to send their children off to work at another family’s home for a few years as an attendant of some sort to teach them the skills they’d need to run their own households and move up in the world. Positions at the royal court were greatly coveted; there, nobles’ daughters could meet many powerful people and make good marriages.

Maids-of-honor were expected to be beautiful, accomplished, and highly virtuous, as while they were at court away from their families, the queen acted in loco parentis; any scandal attached to a maid-of-honor would reflect poorly on their mistress.

Photo by Melissa Jo York Tilley, from when I myself played a maid of honor at the Maryland Renaissance Festival in 2011!

Photo by Melissa Jo York Tilley, from when I myself played a maid of honor at the Maryland Renaissance Festival in 2011!

Elizabeth I, Francis Drake, and some of her court.  Jean-Leon Huens—National Geographic/Heritage-Images

Elizabeth I, Francis Drake, and some of her court.
Jean-Leon Huens—National Geographic/Heritage-Images

Henry VIII ended up marrying three of his former queens’ maids-of-honor – Anne Boleyn, who served Catherine of Aragon, Jane Seymour, who served Anne Boleyn, and Catherine Howard, who served Anna of Cleves. This was actually very unusual for the time; kings were expected to marry for advantage, to cement powerful alliances or to achieve other goals that would serve the good of the country. Henry VII married Elizabeth of York to help bring about the end of the Wars of the Roses; Henry VI and his father Henry V both married French princesses as part of peace treaties with various entities in efforts to try to end the 100 Years’ War. Henry VIII’s first wife, Catherine of Aragon, was a rich Spanish princess and the daughter of two powerful monarchs – Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon; she brought legitimacy to the Tudor dynasty as Henry VII (whose claim to the English crown was pretty weak, actually) worked to fight off pretenders to his throne.

The Banquet of Henry VIII in York Place (Whitehall Palace), 1832,  by James Stephanoff

The Banquet of Henry VIII in York Place (Whitehall Palace), 1832,
by James Stephanoff

The ladies-in-waiting and maids-of-honor assisted the Queen in her daily tasks, helping dress her in the layered clothing of the period and lacing her into her dresses. They washed and bathed her and even assisted her with using the privy (yup. That was a thing. And it was actually a very sought after position). The Queen and her ladies often sewed, read, or danced together.

Each Queen had different preferences for their ladies. Catherine of Aragon was known for reading devotionals to hers. Anne Boleyn gave her ladies little books of prayers and psalms to carry with them always, and had them sew garments for the poor. Jane Seymour had strict rules as to her ladies’ garments; trains had to be so long and different parts of clothes had to have a specific number of pearls embroidered on them. 

I’ve noticed before that historical dramas always seem to have fewer attendants around the Kings and Queens then would have been there in reality; if the real numbers were represented, it would probably be a bit overwhelming to modern eyes, as we just have very different standards of privacy and necessity. During Henry VIII’s time, there were usually 6-8 “great ladies of the household” serving the Queen at any time, and Catherine of Aragon had 30 maids-of-honor, while Anne Boleyn had 60! After Henry started living separately from Catherine of Aragon, she actually had around 250 maids-of-honor, as he didn’t want to be accused of treating her poorly (at that time, anyway)! Although I’m sure they likely served the queen in different shifts, that’s still a huge amount of women who served the queen throughout the week. Can you even imagine?  

Maria de Salinas, by an unknown artist (lady in waiting to Catherine of Aragon)

Maria de Salinas, by an unknown artist (lady in waiting to Catherine of Aragon)

Catherine Willoughby, Maria de Salinas’s daughter, by Hans Holbein the younger.

Catherine Willoughby, Maria de Salinas’s daughter, by Hans Holbein the younger.

Maria - María de Salinas, known as Baroness Willoughby after her marriage (maid-of-honor and lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon) – Drums

Maria de Salinas actually came with Catherine of Aragon from Spain and served her as a maid-of-honor until 1516, when she married an English nobleman named William Willoughby (and became a lady-in-waiting to Catherine). She was devoted to Catherine; although she was ordered to leave Catherine and stop communicating with her after Catherine’s marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, she begged permission to visit her later. In the final days of Catherine of Aragon’s life, Maria simply disobeyed all orders to avoid her and forced her way into the castle where her beloved mistress lived; Catherine died in Maria’s arms two days later.

Maria’s daughter, Katherine Willoughby, became a ward of Henry VIII’s buddy Charles Brandon after Baron Willoughby’s death; Brandon ended up marrying her after his third wife (Henry VIII’s sister, Princess Mary Tudor, the dowager Queen of France) died. They married when Katherine was 14 and Charles was likely 49 (eww), but by all reports had a pretty happy marriage. Katherine was actually friggin awesome and I’d love to see more portrayals of her in media; she apparently named her dog Gardiner after a bishop she detested, because it amused her to call “Gardiner” to heel. Her name was floated as a possible seventh wife for Henry VIII at a time when he was considering placing Catherine Parr aside, although of course, that never went anywhere. She was also named the guardian of Parr’s child with Thomas Seymour after the death of both of her parents (it’s not known what happened to this child, but she doesn’t appear in the records, so she likely died very young). As a fierce Protestant, Katherine fled to Europe with her second husband and their two children and lived in exile during the reign of Queen Mary.

Another interesting fact: Catherine Parr, Henry VIII’s last wife, was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon’s lady-in-waiting Maude Parr. It was possible that she was actually named after Catherine of Aragon.

Margaret Wyatt, Lady Lee (1540), by Hans Holbein the Younger

Margaret Wyatt, Lady Lee (1540), by Hans Holbein the Younger

Maggie - Lady Margaret Wyatt, later known as Margaret Lee after her marriage (served Anne Boleyn) - Guitar

Margaret served Anne Boleyn and was likely her long-time friend, as the Boleyn’s estates lay near the Wyatt’s. The sister of Thomas Wyatt, the poet who fell in love with Anne Boleyn and wrote MANY passionate poems about her, Margaret was serving Anne as a lady-in-waiting at least by 1532, when she accompanied her to Calais, when it is presumed that Anne and Henry VII secretly decided to marry /very soon/. Margaret was Mistress of the Queen’s Wardrobe, a role that placed her in charge of Anne’s clothing and jewels.

It is believed that Margaret attended Anne at the Tower of London and at her execution; she served as chief mourner at her funeral. Anne gave her a prayer book in farewell, and wrote in it “Remember me when you do pray, that hope doth lead from day to day.”

I’m really glad Maggie is included in the Ladies-in-Waiting. Anne Boleyn is portrayed in basically every TV show, movie, and book I’ve ever watched/read about her as not really having any close friends; it’s wonderful to learn that that wasn’t really the truth. I feel like women’s friendships are often erased from the narrative, both historically and in fiction. Men get to have same-sex buddies, but women don’t. That neither seems fair nor realistic, so I’m happy to learn more about a woman I really didn’t know much about before.

Possibly a portrait of Elizabeth “Bessie” Blount, by Lucas Horenbolte,

Possibly a portrait of Elizabeth “Bessie” Blount, by Lucas Horenbolte,

Bessie Blount’s son with Henry VIII, Henry Fitzroy, at age 15.

Bessie Blount’s son with Henry VIII, Henry Fitzroy, at age 15.

Bessie - Elizabeth "Bessie" Blount (maid-of-honor to Catherine of Aragon, lady-in-waiting to Anna of Cleves) - Bass

Bessie Blount is a really interesting choice for the backing band in Six, as historically, she was the only acknowledged mistress of Henry VIII who did not go on to become his wife. We have no known portraits of Bessie, but I’ve included a possible painting of her.

Bessie was around 7 years younger than Henry VIII, and 13 years younger than Catherine of Aragon. She was reputed as a beauty, and their relationship lasted around eight years (much much longer than most of his other affairs). She gave birth to an illegitimate son named Henry FitzRoy in 1519 (FitzRoy was a common surname of the illegitimate offspring of royalty, as it literally means “son of the king”); this is the only illegitimate child that the King ever acknowledged as his own. This birth was pretty important, as by this time, Catherine of Aragon had been pregnant numerous times (in 1509, 1510, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1517, and 1518), yet only one child, Mary, had lived beyond a few months of age (most of her children were miscarried, stillborn, or died within a few hours). Thus, the existence of Henry Fitzroy proved that Henry COULD have healthy male children. This helped fuel Henry’s desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon later in life.

For a while in the 1520s, when it became clear that Catherine of Aragon would not be able to have a legitimate son with Henry, the king seriously considered naming Henry Fitzroy as his heir; he did give him the royal title of the Duke of Richmond at a certain point. This plan fell to the wayside though, when Henry decided to marry Anne Boleyn. Henry Fitzroy later died at the age of 17.

Joan/Jane Meutas, by Hans Holbein the younger

Joan/Jane Meutas, by Hans Holbein the younger

In 1522, a few years after her son with Henry was born, Bessie married her first husband. She apparently was absent from court for many years while raising her children with her first and second husband, although she later served Anne of Cleves briefly. However, Bessie’s poor health caused her to leave court before even her mistress’s 6 months as queen were done. She died shortly thereafter.

Joan - Jane/Joan Astley, known as Jane/Joan Meutas after her marriage (maid-of-honor, then lady-in-waiting to Jane Seymour) - Keyboard

I haven’t found a ton of information about Jane Astley, also known as Joan. We know she served Jane Seymour and got married in 1537, probably shortly before Jane Seymour’s death after birthing her son, the future Edward VI. Jane and her husband were granted several estates and positions after Jane Seymour’s death, so they likely remained in favor at the royal court.

The most notable part of Jane’s life appears to be the drawing of her portrait by the famed Hans Holbein the younger.

Her maiden name, Astley, is the married name of Elizabeth I’s famed companion, Kat Astley, so it’s possible that she’s related to her husband somehow, but there’s no actual proof for that. I’m just guessing, tbh. I wonder why her name was chosen for the Ladies in Waiting? There are several other more famous ladies-in-waiting to the Queens of Henry VIII that could have been a good choice: Jane Parker/Boleyn perhaps.

ladies+in+waiting+2.jpg
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The Costumes of the Ladies-in-Waiting: The ladies-in-waiting of Six all wear very similar costumes, with only very slight variations. Each band member wears the same long sleeved black shirt with silver and pearl trimmings. They specifically have parallel silver lines all down their sleeves and diagonal silver lines on the main shirt meeting in downward points like chevrons. Beads resembling pearls are scattered throughout. Some of the band members have shirts that are longer than others’, which is probably just a comfort thing.

The ladies also sport what look like leather/pleather ruffs. These are an interesting historical detail, as ruffs weren’t actually worn at all until at least 13 years (1560s) after Henry VIII’s death (1547) ; so they’re anachronistic in a way that most historical details in Six costumes aren’t (keeping in mind that like, the costumes are obviously not intended to be exact historical replicas). I plan to talk a lot more about ruffs in a later post about the Haus of Holbein’s ruffs, so I’ll leave it at that for now. :D

You know, in looking at the pictures side by side, I’m wondering if the Ladies-in-Waiting shirts were specifically based off of this one portrait of Maria de Salinas. It’s not great quality, and it’s hard to tell what’s going on in it (I’m 90% sure that collar is supposed to be fur or ruffles, but not A Ruff, as that wouldn’t exist for many decades yet). Despite that, the similarities are very evident!

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The pearls all over the costumes may actually be a reference to the pearl requirements of Jane Seymour’s ladies in waiting/maids of honor, which I mentioned briefly earlier. We actually have historical records showing that her ladies were required to wear girdles/belts with a specified number of pearls; if there weren’t enough pearls (at LEAST 120), they weren’t allowed to appear before the Queen.

Pearls also edge the band members’ neck ruffs and headbands, which seem pretty obviously based off of a French hood. Look how similar the headbands are to Anne Boleyn’s French hood from her portrait.

D69D6978-F5C2-4D72-B408-C8B46AE05443.jpeg
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The layout of the pearls on the shirt actually reminds me a LOT of some historical armor, specifically the brigandine. Brigandines are made of heavy cloth or leather with steel plates riveted to it, and are pretty distinctive, as you can tell from these renaissance painting examples.

The chevrons on the shirt may be a reference to popular skirt or doublet styles in Elizabethan times. Alternatively, chevrons were commonly used in renaissance heraldry, so these may be referencing that.

The band members wear black pants with lacing up the front that resemble one of the Catherine-Parr-in-Six variations, although their pants are significantly more shiny and leather looking than Parr’s, which are matte cloth. The pants also seem to be a deliberate reference to renaissance cloth or leather armor, which was generally worn with close fitting pants

The temporary costumes that have been pulled out a few times for main Queen cast members when their costumes need emergency repairs and for emergency alternate step-ins (like the awesome time that co-writer of the show Toby Marlow and original soundtrack Anne of Cleves Genesis Lynea stepped in to perform at two sold-out shows after the cast and alternates were badly affected by illness) also appear to be based on the Ladies in Waiting costumes. As you can see, the main portion of the shirt is the same, although it may be worn with or without sleeves and with or without an additional neck piece. Lauren Drew of the UK tour cast is shown wearing shorts that look an AWFUL lot like the Anne of Cleves shorts, although I don’t think I’ve seen those cool chain closures on the side before. Toby and Genesis are shown just wearing plain leather/pleather shorts.